Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stiurijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *steurō, *stiurijō (“steering, rudder”) +‎ *-janą. The first element is of uncertain origin:

• Traditionally, from Proto-Indo-European *stew-r- ~ *stēw-r-, but this is now reconstructed as *steh₂-w-r-, from the adjective *steh₂urós based on a *w-extension of *steh₂- (“to stand, be firm”) (see *stāną), and is thus phonetically impossible.
• More likely, from *(s)twerH- (“to turn, twist, stir, agitate; to propel”), whence also *þweraną and Western *sturjan, *staurijan, with vowel/semivowel metathesis (*-wer- > *-ewr-). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstiu̯.ri.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*stiurijaną

1. to direct, steer

Related terms

• *steuraz (adjective)
  • Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍃 (*stiurs)
    • ⇒ 𐌿𐍃-𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂-𐌹𐌱𐌰 (us-stiur-iba, adverb, literally “out-of-steer”), 𐌿𐍃-𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂-𐌴𐌹 (us-stiur-ei, noun)

Inflection

Conjugation of *stiurijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stiurijō	*stiurijaų	—	*stiurijai	?
2nd singular	*stiurīsi	*stiurijais	*stiurī	*stiurijasai	*stiurijaisau
3rd singular	*stiurīþi	*stiurijai	*stiurijaþau	*stiurijaþai	*stiurijaiþau
1st dual	*stiurijōs	*stiurijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*stiurijaþiz	*stiurijaiþiz	*stiurijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*stiurijamaz	*stiurijaim	—	*stiurijanþai	*stiurijainþau
2nd plural	*stiurīþ	*stiurijaiþ	*stiurīþ	*stiurijanþai	*stiurijainþau
3rd plural	*stiurijanþi	*stiurijain	*stiurijanþau	*stiurijanþai	*stiurijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stiuridǭ	*stiuridēdį̄
2nd singular	*stiuridēz	*stiuridēdīz
3rd singular	*stiuridē	*stiuridēdī
1st dual	*stiuridēdū	*stiuridēdīw
2nd dual	*stiuridēdudiz	*stiuridēdīdiz
1st plural	*stiuridēdum	*stiuridēdīm
2nd plural	*stiuridēdud	*stiuridēdīd
3rd plural	*stiuridēdun	*stiuridēdīn
	present	past
participles	*stiurijandz	*stiuridaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *stiurijan
  • Old English: stīeran
    • Middle English: steren
      • Scots: stere, steir
      • English: steer, besteer
  • Old Frisian: stiūra, stiōra
    • Saterland Frisian: stjuure; stjúurje
    • West Frisian: stjoere
  • Old Saxon: *stiurian
    • Middle Low German: stûren
      • German Low German: stüren
      • Plautdietsch: stieren
  • Old Dutch: stiuren
    • Middle Dutch: sturen, stieren
      • Dutch: sturen, besturen
        • Afrikaans: bestuur
      • West Flemish: stieren
  • Old High German: stiuren
    • Middle High German: stiuren
      • German: steuern
• Old Norse: stýra
  • Icelandic: stýra
  • Faroese: stýra
  • Norn: støra
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: styra
  • Elfdalian: styra
  • Old Swedish: stȳra
    • Swedish: styra
  • Old Danish: stȳræ
    • Scanian: ýra
    • Danish: styre
      • Norwegian Bokmål: styre
  • Gutnish: stöire
• Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (stiurjan)