Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stinganą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *stengʰ- (“to be stiff, sting; rod, blade”), and compared with Ancient Greek στᾰ́χῡς (stákhūs, “ear of grain”) (< *stngʰ-u-s). However, a substrate origin for the Greek is quite possible, based on the variant ἄστᾰχῠς (ástakhus, “ear of corn; bandage”), which would render the Germanic without outside cognates.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈstiŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*stinganą^[1]^[2]

to stick out; protrude
to sting

Inflection

Conjugation of *stinganą (strong class 3)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*stingō	*stingaų	—	*stingai	?
2nd singular	*stingizi	*stingaiz	*sting	*stingazai	*stingaizau
3rd singular	*stingidi	*stingai	*stingadau	*stingadai	*stingaidau
1st dual	*stingōz	*stingaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*stingadiz	*stingaidiz	*stingadiz	—	—
1st plural	*stingamaz	*stingaim	—	*stingandai	*stingaindau
2nd plural	*stingid	*stingaid	*stingid	*stingandai	*stingaindau
3rd plural	*stingandi	*stingain	*stingandau	*stingandai	*stingaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stang	*stungį̄
2nd singular	*stanht	*stungīz
3rd singular	*stang	*stungī
1st dual	*stungū	*stungīw
2nd dual	*stungudiz	*stungīdiz
1st plural	*stungum	*stungīm
2nd plural	*stungud	*stungīd
3rd plural	*stungun	*stungīn

	present	past
participles	*stingandz	*stunganaz

Related terms

Derived terms

*uzstinganą

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *stingan
- Old English: stingan
  - Middle English: stingen
    - English: sting
    - Scots: sting
- Old High German: stingan
Old Norse: stinga
- Icelandic: stinga
- Faroese: stinga
- Norwegian Nynorsk: stinga
- Swedish: stinga
- Danish: stinge
  - Norwegian Bokmål: stinge
⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (usstaggan)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*stingan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 480
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stenʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 375

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*stingan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 480

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stenʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 375

[1]

[2]