Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stelaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

According to Kroonen & Lubotsky (2009), from Proto-Indo-European *tsel- (“to sneak”) (compare e.g. Sanskrit त्सर् (tsar), Shughni сӗрт (“to steal, sneak”), Old Armenian սողիմ (sołim, “to creep, to steal”)).^[1] The supposed metathesis *ts > *st has no exact parallels, but a similar development appears in *spenô (“nipple”), from Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn (“breast”). Numerous other etymologies with semantic or phonetic difficulties have been earlier proposed as well.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈste.lɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*stelaną^[2]^[3]^[4]

to steal
to sneak

Inflection

Conjugation of *stelaną (strong class 4)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*stelō	*stelaų	—	*stelai	?
2nd singular	*stilizi	*stelaiz	*stel	*stelazai	*stelaizau
3rd singular	*stilidi	*stelai	*steladau	*steladai	*stelaidau
1st dual	*stelōz	*stelaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*steladiz	*stelaidiz	*steladiz	—	—
1st plural	*stelamaz	*stelaim	—	*stelandai	*stelaindau
2nd plural	*stilid	*stelaid	*stilid	*stelandai	*stelaindau
3rd plural	*stelandi	*stelain	*stelandau	*stelandai	*stelaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stal	*stēlį̄
2nd singular	*stalt	*stēlīz
3rd singular	*stal	*stēlī
1st dual	*stēlū	*stēlīw
2nd dual	*stēludiz	*stēlīdiz
1st plural	*stēlum	*stēlīm
2nd plural	*stēlud	*stēlīd
3rd plural	*stēlun	*stēlīn

	present	past
participles	*stelandz	*stulanaz

Synonyms

*hlefaną

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *stelan
- Old English: stelan
  - Middle English: stelen
    - English: steal
- Old Frisian: stela
  - West Frisian: stelle
- Old Saxon: stelan
  - Low German: stehlen
- Old Dutch: *stelan
  - Middle Dutch: stēlen
    - Dutch: stelen
      - Afrikaans: steel
    - Limburgish: staele
- Old High German: stelan
  - Middle High German: stelen, steln
    - Bavarian: stäihn, stöhln, stöhn
    - German: stehlen
      - → Esperanto: ŝteli
    - Luxembourgish: stielen
Old Norse: stela, stjala
- Icelandic: stela
- Faroese: stjala
- Norwegian Nynorsk: stela, stele
- Jamtish: stjæła
- Elfdalian: stjälå
- Old Swedish: stiæla, stæla, stiala
  - Swedish: stjäla
- Old Danish: stælæ, stialæ, stiælæ
  - Danish: stjæle
    - Norwegian Bokmål: stjele
  - Scanian: stjæla
- Gutnish: stjäle
Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (stilan)
Vandalic: *stel-

References

^ Kroonen, Guus with Lubotsky, Alexander (2009) “Proto-Indo-European *tsel- 'to sneak' and Germanic *stelan- 'to steal, approach stealthily'”, in Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia‎^[1], volume 14
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*stelan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 476
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stelanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 374
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “STEL-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 468

[K&L-1] Kroonen, Guus with Lubotsky, Alexander (2009) “Proto-Indo-European *tsel- 'to sneak' and Germanic *stelan- 'to steal, approach stealthily'”, in Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia‎^[1], volume 14

[Kroonen-2] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*stelan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 476

[Orel-3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stelanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 374

[Seebold-4] Seebold, Elmar (1970) “STEL-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 468

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