Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skuldijōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *skuldijaz (“obligated, guilty”) +‎ *-ōną. Compare also West Germanic *skuldijan.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈskul.di.jɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skuldijōną

1. to owe
2. to commit a fault

Inflection

Conjugation of *skuldijōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skuldijō	*skuldijǭ	—	*skuldijōi	?
2nd singular	*skuldijōsi	*skuldijōs	*skuldijō	*skuldijōsai	*skuldijōsau
3rd singular	*skuldijōþi	*skuldijō	*skuldijōþau	*skuldijōþai	*skuldijōþau
1st dual	*skuldijōs	*skuldijōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skuldijōþiz	*skuldijōþiz	*skuldijōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*skuldijōmaz	*skuldijōm	—	*skuldijōnþai	*skuldijōnþau
2nd plural	*skuldijōþ	*skuldijōþ	*skuldijōþ	*skuldijōnþai	*skuldijōnþau
3rd plural	*skuldijōnþi	*skuldijōn	*skuldijōnþau	*skuldijōnþai	*skuldijōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skuldijōdǭ	*skuldijōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*skuldijōdēz	*skuldijōdēdīz
3rd singular	*skuldijōdē	*skuldijōdēdī
1st dual	*skuldijōdēdū	*skuldijōdēdīw
2nd dual	*skuldijōdēdudiz	*skuldijōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*skuldijōdēdum	*skuldijōdēdīm
2nd plural	*skuldijōdēdud	*skuldijōdēdīd
3rd plural	*skuldijōdēdun	*skuldijōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*skuldijōndz	*skuldijōdaz

Related terms

• *skuldōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *skuldijōn
  • Old English: sċyldian
• Old Norse: skylda
  • Icelandic: skylda
  • Norwegian:

    Norwegian Bokmål: skylde

    Norwegian Nynorsk: skylde, skylda

  • Old Swedish: skylda, skulda
    • Swedish: skylda, skylla
  • Danish: skylde