Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knudaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

An "aorist-present", from Pre-Germanic *gnét-, *gn̥t-, with remodeling of the zero-grade after the full-grade, from Proto-Indo-European *gen- (“to compress”). Related to Proto-Slavic *gnesti (“to knead, press”) (> Old Church Slavonic гнєсти (gnesti, “to squeeze, press”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈknu.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*knudaną

1. to knead

Inflection

The present tense has the zero grade vowel -u- rather than -e-. The past participle might have had either.

Conjugation of *knudaną (strong class 4)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*knudō	*knudaų	—	*knudai	?
2nd singular	*knudizi	*knudaiz	*knud	*knudazai	*knudaizau
3rd singular	*knudidi	*knudai	*knudadau	*knudadai	*knudaidau
1st dual	*knudōz	*knudaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*knudadiz	*knudaidiz	*knudadiz	—	—
1st plural	*knudamaz	*knudaim	—	*knudandai	*knudaindau
2nd plural	*knudid	*knudaid	*knudid	*knudandai	*knudaindau
3rd plural	*knudandi	*knudain	*knudandau	*knudandai	*knudaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*knaþ	*knēdį̄
2nd singular	*knast	*knēdīz
3rd singular	*knaþ	*knēdī
1st dual	*knēdū	*knēdīw
2nd dual	*knēdudiz	*knēdīdiz
1st plural	*knēdum	*knēdīm
2nd plural	*knēdud	*knēdīd
3rd plural	*knēdun	*knēdīn
	present	past
participles	*knudandz	*knudanaz

Related terms

• *knuppaz
• *knuttōną
• *knuttô (possibly)

Descendants

The West Germanic descendants have regularised the ablaut of this verb by replacing the -u- with -e-.

• Proto-West Germanic: *knedan
  • Old English: cnedan
    • Middle English: kneden, cnede, knede
      • English: knead
      • Scots: kned
  • Old Frisian: *kneda
    • Saterland Frisian: kneede
    • ⇒ West Frisian: knetsje
  • Old Saxon: knedan
    • Middle Low German: knēden
      • German Low German: kneden
  • Old Dutch: *knedan
    • Middle Dutch: cnēden
      • Dutch: kneden
        • Afrikaans: knee
  • Old High German: knetan
    • Middle High German: kneten
      • German: kneten
        • Esperanto: knedi
      • Luxembourgish: knieden
      • Vilamovian: knāta
      • Yiddish: קנעטן (knetn)
      • ⇒? Cimbrian: khnèttalan
• Old Norse: knoða
  • Icelandic: hnoða
  • Faroese: knoða
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: knode
  • Old Swedish: knodha
    • Swedish: knåda