Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hringijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxriŋ.ɡi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From *hringaz (“a ring, sound”) +‎ *-janą.

Verb

*hringijaną

1. to ring, sound

Inflection

Conjugation of *hringijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hringijō	*hringijaų	—	*hringijai	?
2nd singular	*hringīsi	*hringijais	*hringī	*hringijasai	*hringijaisau
3rd singular	*hringīþi	*hringijai	*hringijaþau	*hringijaþai	*hringijaiþau
1st dual	*hringijōs	*hringijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hringijaþiz	*hringijaiþiz	*hringijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hringijamaz	*hringijaim	—	*hringijanþai	*hringijainþau
2nd plural	*hringīþ	*hringijaiþ	*hringīþ	*hringijanþai	*hringijainþau
3rd plural	*hringijanþi	*hringijain	*hringijanþau	*hringijanþai	*hringijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hringidǭ	*hringidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hringidēz	*hringidēdīz
3rd singular	*hringidē	*hringidēdī
1st dual	*hringidēdū	*hringidēdīw
2nd dual	*hringidēdudiz	*hringidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hringidēdum	*hringidēdīm
2nd plural	*hringidēdud	*hringidēdīd
3rd plural	*hringidēdun	*hringidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*hringijandz	*hringidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hringijan
  • Old English: hrinġan
    • Middle English: ringen, ryngen
      • Scots: ring
      • English: ring
  • Old Frisian: *ringa
    • North Frisian: ringe
  • Old Dutch: *ringen
    • Middle Dutch: ringen, ringhen
      • Dutch: ringen; rinkelen; rinkinken
        • Afrikaans: ring, rinkink
  • Old High German: hringan, ringan
• Old Norse: hringja
  • Icelandic: hringja
  • Faroese: ringja
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: ringja
  • Old Swedish: ringia
    • Swedish: ringa
  • Danish: ringe
    • Norwegian Bokmål: ringe
  • Gutnish: ringge, ringg', ringga

Etymology 2

From *hringaz (“a ring, a circle”) +‎ *-janą.

Verb

*hringijaną

1. to make (into) a ring
2. to encircle
3. to place a ring on

Inflection

Conjugation of *hringijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hringijō	*hringijaų	—	*hringijai	?
2nd singular	*hringīsi	*hringijais	*hringī	*hringijasai	*hringijaisau
3rd singular	*hringīþi	*hringijai	*hringijaþau	*hringijaþai	*hringijaiþau
1st dual	*hringijōs	*hringijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hringijaþiz	*hringijaiþiz	*hringijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hringijamaz	*hringijaim	—	*hringijanþai	*hringijainþau
2nd plural	*hringīþ	*hringijaiþ	*hringīþ	*hringijanþai	*hringijainþau
3rd plural	*hringijanþi	*hringijain	*hringijanþau	*hringijanþai	*hringijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hringidǭ	*hringidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hringidēz	*hringidēdīz
3rd singular	*hringidē	*hringidēdī
1st dual	*hringidēdū	*hringidēdīw
2nd dual	*hringidēdudiz	*hringidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hringidēdum	*hringidēdīm
2nd plural	*hringidēdud	*hringidēdīd
3rd plural	*hringidēdun	*hringidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*hringijandz	*hringidaz

Related terms

• *hringōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hringijan
  • Old English: *hrinġan
    • Middle English: ringen
      • English: ring
  • Old Saxon: *hringian
    • Middle Low German: ringen
  • Old Dutch: *ringen
    • Middle Dutch: ringen, ringhen
      • Dutch: ringen
  • Old High German: ringen
    • Middle High German: ringen
• Old Norse: hringja
  • Icelandic: hringja
  • Faroese: ringja
  • Norwegian:

    Norwegian Bokmål: ringe

    Norwegian Nynorsk: ringe, ringa

  • Swedish: ringa