Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hramjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *hramō (“frame, rack”) +‎ *-janą.

Verb

*hramjaną

1. to frame, enclose with a framework or fence
2. to hem in, restrain

Inflection

Conjugation of *hramjaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hramjō	*hramjaų	—	*hramjai	?
2nd singular	*hramisi	*hramjais	*hrami	*hramjasai	*hramjaisau
3rd singular	*hramiþi	*hramjai	*hramjaþau	*hramjaþai	*hramjaiþau
1st dual	*hramjōs	*hramjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hramjaþiz	*hramjaiþiz	*hramjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hramjamaz	*hramjaim	—	*hramjanþai	*hramjainþau
2nd plural	*hramiþ	*hramjaiþ	*hramiþ	*hramjanþai	*hramjainþau
3rd plural	*hramjanþi	*hramjain	*hramjanþau	*hramjanþai	*hramjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hramidǭ	*hramidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hramidēz	*hramidēdīz
3rd singular	*hramidē	*hramidēdī
1st dual	*hramidēdū	*hramidēdīw
2nd dual	*hramidēdudiz	*hramidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hramidēdum	*hramidēdīm
2nd plural	*hramidēdud	*hramidēdīd
3rd plural	*hramidēdun	*hramidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*hramjandz	*hramidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hrammjan
  • Old English: hremman
  • Old Frisian: *hremma
    • ⇒ Old Frisian: hrembende, hrembend (“fetter”)
  • Old Dutch: *remmen
    • Middle Dutch: remmen
      • Dutch: remmen
• >? Old Norse: hremma (“to grasp, clutch, seize”) (more likely a later derivative of Old Norse hrammr (“claw, paw”), from Proto-Germanic *hrammaz (“bent, curved”))
  • Icelandic: hremma
• Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hramjan)
  • →⇒? Medieval Latin: adchramiō, adchrammiō, adframiō (“to vow, swear, assure”) (alternatively from Frankish *hrammjan)