𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *hramjaną (“to put into a frame”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈhramjan/

Verb

𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 • (hramjan)

1. to crucify

Conjugation

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 hramjan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰 hramja	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌰 hramida	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 hramjada
2nd singular	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌹𐍃 hramjis	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 hramidēs	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰 hramjaza
3rd singular	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌹𐌸 hramjiþ	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌰 hramida	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 hramjada
1st dual	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐍉𐍃 hramjōs	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 hramidēdu	—
2nd dual	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 hramjats	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 hramidēduts	—
1st plural	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌼 hramjam	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 hramidēdum	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 hramjanda
2nd plural	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌹𐌸 hramjiþ	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 hramidēduþ	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 hramjanda
3rd plural	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 hramjand	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 hramidēdun	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 hramjanda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌿 hramjau	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 hramidēdjau	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 hramjaidau
2nd singular	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 hramjais	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 hramidēdeis	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 hramjaizau
3rd singular	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹 hramjai	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 hramidēdi	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 hramjaidau
1st dual	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 hramjaiwa	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 hramidēdeiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 hramjaits	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 hramidēdeits	—
1st plural	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 hramjaima	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 hramidēdeima	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 hramjaindau
2nd plural	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 hramjaiþ	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 hramidēdeiþ	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 hramjaindau
3rd plural	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 hramjaina	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 hramidēdeina	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 hramjaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌹 hramei
3rd singular	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 hramjadau
2nd dual	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 hramjats
2nd plural	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌹𐌸 hramjiþ
3rd plural	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 hramjandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 hramjands	𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌸𐍃 hramiþs

Derived terms

• 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ushramjan)

Descendants

• →⇒? Medieval Latin: adchramiō, adchrammiō, adframiō (“to vow, swear, assure”) (alternatively from Frankish *hrammjan)

Further reading

• Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 60