Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hneudaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Compare *knudaną (“to rivet, knead”), source of Old Norse hnoða (“to rivet”). Also compared to Ancient Greek κνύθος (knúthos, “small thorn”), but Kroonen finds this semantically unconvincing.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxneu̯.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hneudaną^[1]^[2]

to hammer, to pound

Inflection

Conjugation of *hneudaną (strong class 2)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hneudō	*hneudaų	—	*hneudai	?
2nd singular	*hniudizi	*hneudaiz	*hneud	*hneudazai	*hneudaizau
3rd singular	*hniudidi	*hneudai	*hneudadau	*hneudadai	*hneudaidau
1st dual	*hneudōz	*hneudaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hneudadiz	*hneudaidiz	*hneudadiz	—	—
1st plural	*hneudamaz	*hneudaim	—	*hneudandai	*hneudaindau
2nd plural	*hniudid	*hneudaid	*hniudid	*hneudandai	*hneudaindau
3rd plural	*hneudandi	*hneudain	*hneudandau	*hneudandai	*hneudaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hnaud	*hnudį̄
2nd singular	*hnaust	*hnudīz
3rd singular	*hnaud	*hnudī
1st dual	*hnudū	*hnudīw
2nd dual	*hnududiz	*hnudīdiz
1st plural	*hnudum	*hnudīm
2nd plural	*hnudud	*hnudīd
3rd plural	*hnudun	*hnudīn

	present	past
participles	*hneudandz	*hnudanaz

Related terms

*hnudōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hneudan
- Old Saxon: *hniodan
  - Middle Low German: nêden
- Old Dutch: *niedan
  - Middle Dutch: nieden
- Old High German: *hniotan, *niotan
  - Middle High German: nieten
    - German: nieten
      - → Swedish: nita
        → Finnish: niitata
  - ⇒ Old High German: bihniotan
Old Norse: hnjóða
- Icelandic: hnjóða

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “hneudan”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xneuđanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 179-180

[kroonen-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “hneudan”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xneuđanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 179-180

[1]

[2]