Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harmaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer- (“to have shame, distress over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Persian شرم (šarm, “idem⁩”), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”). Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑr.mɑz/

Adjective

*harmaz (West Germanic)

1. painful; sorrowful; doleful
2. harmful; malicious; evil

Inflection

Declension of *harmaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*harmaz	*harmai	*harmō	*harmôz	*harmą, -atō	*harmō
Accusative	*harmanǭ	*harmanz	*harmǭ	*harmōz	*harmą, -atō	*harmō
Genitive	*harmas, -is	*harmaizǫ̂	*harmaizōz	*harmaizǫ̂	*harmas, -is	*harmaizǫ̂
Dative	*harmammai	*harmaimaz	*harmaizōi	*harmaimaz	*harmammai	*harmaimaz
Instrumental	*harmanō	*harmaimiz	*harmaizō	*harmaimiz	*harmanō	*harmaimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*harmô	*harmaniz	*harmǭ	*harmōniz	*harmô	*harmōnō
Accusative	*harmanų	*harmanunz	*harmōnų	*harmōnunz	*harmô	*harmōnō
Genitive	*harminiz	*harmanǫ̂	*harmōniz	*harmōnǫ̂	*harminiz	*harmanǫ̂
Dative	*harmini	*harmammaz	*harmōni	*harmōmaz	*harmini	*harmammaz
Instrumental	*harminē	*harmammiz	*harmōnē	*harmōmiz	*harminē	*harmammiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *harm
  • Old English: hearm
  • Old Saxon: harm
    • Middle Low German: *harm (possibly)
    • → Old Danish: harm
      • Danish: harm
    • → Norwegian Bokmål: harm
    • → Norwegian Nynorsk: harm

Noun

*harmaz m

1. harm; shame; pain; injury

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *harmaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*harmaz	*harmōz, *harmōs
vocative	*harm	*harmōz, *harmōs
accusative	*harmą	*harmanz
genitive	*harmas, *harmis	*harmǫ̂
dative	*harmai	*harmamaz
instrumental	*harmō	*harmamiz

Derived terms

• *harmalausaz
• *harmāną
• *harmijaną

Related terms

• *harmōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *harm
  • Old English: hearm
    • Middle English: harm, harem, arme, herme
      • English: harm
      • Scots: herm, hairm
      • Yola: harrm
  • Old Frisian: herm (in compounds)
  • Old Saxon: harm
    • Middle Low German: harm, herm
  • Old Dutch: harm
    • Middle Dutch: harm
      • Dutch: harm
  • Old High German: harm, haram
    • Middle High German: harm
      • German: Harm
• Old Norse: harmr
  • Icelandic: harmur
  • (Faroese: harmligur)
  • Norwegian Bokmål: harme
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: harm
  • Old Swedish: harmber
    • Swedish: harm
      • → Finnish: harmi
  • Danish: harme