Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ganāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*ganōną^[1]

Etymology

According to Kroonen this stative verb is backformed from an original nasal-present Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂-néh₂-, which is derived from the root *ǵʰeh₂- and suffix *-néh₂-.^[2]

Alternatively it could be derived from the noun *ganaz (“yawn”) +‎ *-āną.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑ.nɑː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*ganāną^[2]

to gape, yawn
to gaze, stare

Inflection

Conjugation of *ganāną (weak class 3)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*ganō	?	—	?	?
2nd singular	*ganaisi	?	*ganai	*ganāsai	?
3rd singular	*ganaiþi	?	*ganāþau	*ganāþai	?
1st dual	*ganōs	?	—	—	—
2nd dual	*ganāþiz	?	*ganāþiz	—	—
1st plural	*ganāmaz	?	—	*ganānþai	?
2nd plural	*ganaiþ	?	*ganaiþ	*ganānþai	?
3rd plural	*ganānþi	?	*ganānþau	*ganānþai	?

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*ganadǭ	*ganadēdį̄
2nd singular	*ganadēz	*ganadēdīz
3rd singular	*ganadē	*ganadēdī
1st dual	*ganadēdū	*ganadēdīw
2nd dual	*ganadēdudiz	*ganadēdīdiz
1st plural	*ganadēdum	*ganadēdīm
2nd plural	*ganadēdud	*ganadēdīd
3rd plural	*ganadēdun	*ganadēdīn

	present	past
participles	*ganāndz	*ganadaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *ganēn
- Old Frisian: *jania
  - North Frisian: jåne
  - Saterland Frisian: jaanje, joanje
- Old Saxon: *ganōn
  - Middle Low German: jānen
    - German Low German: jahnen
Old Norse: gana
>? Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*ganan)
- → Latin: gano
  - Aragonese: ganar
  - Old Leonese: [Term?], ganar
    - Asturian: ganar
    - Leonese: ganare
  - Old Galician-Portuguese: gãar, guaanhar, gaanhar, gaar
    - Galician: gañar
    - Portuguese: ganhar
  - Old Spanish: ganar
    - Ladino: ganar
    - Spanish: ganar

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ᴣanōjan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 126
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*ganēn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 166

[HGE-1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ᴣanōjan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 126

[Kroonen-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*ganēn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 166

[1]

[2]