Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/akaną

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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti, from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin agō (“drive”), Ancient Greek ἄγω (ágō, “direct, drive, lead, draw, go”), Sanskrit अजति (ájati, “he drives”).

Verb

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*akaną[1][2][3]

  1. (North Germanic) to drive, sail, navigate
Inflection
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Conjugation of *akaną (strong class 6)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *akō *akaų — *akai ?
2nd singular *akizi *akaiz *ak *akazai *akaizau
3rd singular *akidi *akai *akadau *akadai *akaidau
1st dual *akōz *akaiw — — —
2nd dual *akadiz *akaidiz *akadiz — —
1st plural *akamaz *akaim — *akandai *akaindau
2nd plural *akid *akaid *akid *akandai *akaindau
3rd plural *akandi *akain *akandau *akandai *akaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *ōk *ōkį̄
2nd singular *ōht *ōkīz
3rd singular *ōk *ōkī
1st dual *ōkū *ōkīw
2nd dual *ōkudiz *ōkīdiz
1st plural *ōkum *ōkīm
2nd plural *ōkud *ōkīd
3rd plural *ōkun *ōkīn
present past
participles *akandz *akanaz
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Descendants
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  • Old Norse: aka
    • Icelandic: aka
    • Faroese: aka
    • Norwegian:
    • Dalian: aka
    • Old Swedish: aka
    • Scanian: aga
    • Old Danish: akæ
    • Gutnish: ake
    • → Scots: oag, hoag; aik
    • → English: aik (Northern England, Scotland, rare)

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eg- (“sin, crime”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγος (ágos, “curse, blood-guilt, penance”), Sanskrit आगस् (ā́gas, “offence, injury, sin, fault”). According to Orel, "[d]espite the semantic discrepancy, these forms are historically identical", referring to the verb for the 'drive' described above and referencing Seebold, p.74-5.[2]

Verb

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*akaną[4][2][5]

  1. (West Germanic) to ache
Inflection
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Conjugation of *akaną (strong class 6)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *akō *akaų — *akai ?
2nd singular *akizi *akaiz *ak *akazai *akaizau
3rd singular *akidi *akai *akadau *akadai *akaidau
1st dual *akōz *akaiw — — —
2nd dual *akadiz *akaidiz *akadiz — —
1st plural *akamaz *akaim — *akandai *akaindau
2nd plural *akid *akaid *akid *akandai *akaindau
3rd plural *akandi *akain *akandau *akandai *akaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *ōk *ōkį̄
2nd singular *ōht *ōkīz
3rd singular *ōk *ōkī
1st dual *ōkū *ōkīw
2nd dual *ōkudiz *ōkīdiz
1st plural *ōkum *ōkīm
2nd plural *ōkud *ōkīd
3rd plural *ōkun *ōkīn
present past
participles *akandz *akanaz
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Descendants
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References

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  1. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*akan- 1”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 18
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*akanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 11
  3. ^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “AK-A- 1”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 74
  4. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*akan- 2”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 18
  5. ^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “AK-A- 2”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 75
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