Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Origin obscure. Possibly a conflated word, partly from *þeudō (“people”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“people”); and partly from *þiudijaz, *þiudiz (“good, friendly”), from Proto-Indo-European *tew- (“to hearken, take notice, regard in a friendly manner”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈθiu̯.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þiudijaną

1. (transitive, +instrumental) to associate (with); engage with; attach to; join (with); connect
2. to interpret; point out; explain

Inflection

Conjugation of *þiudijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þiudijō	*þiudijaų	—	*þiudijai	?
2nd singular	*þiudīsi	*þiudijais	*þiudī	*þiudijasai	*þiudijaisau
3rd singular	*þiudīþi	*þiudijai	*þiudijaþau	*þiudijaþai	*þiudijaiþau
1st dual	*þiudijōs	*þiudijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þiudijaþiz	*þiudijaiþiz	*þiudijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*þiudijamaz	*þiudijaim	—	*þiudijanþai	*þiudijainþau
2nd plural	*þiudīþ	*þiudijaiþ	*þiudīþ	*þiudijanþai	*þiudijainþau
3rd plural	*þiudijanþi	*þiudijain	*þiudijanþau	*þiudijanþai	*þiudijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þiudidǭ	*þiudidēdį̄
2nd singular	*þiudidēz	*þiudidēdīz
3rd singular	*þiudidē	*þiudidēdī
1st dual	*þiudidēdū	*þiudidēdīw
2nd dual	*þiudidēdudiz	*þiudidēdīdiz
1st plural	*þiudidēdum	*þiudidēdīm
2nd plural	*þiudidēdud	*þiudidēdīd
3rd plural	*þiudidēdun	*þiudidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*þiudijandz	*þiudidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *þiudijan
  • Old English: þīedan, þēodan
    • Middle English: theden
  • Old Frisian: *thiōda, thiūda
    • Saterland Frisian: tjuude
    • West Frisian: tsjutte
  • Old Saxon: *thiudian
    • Middle Low German: dûden, düden
      • German Low German: düden
  • Old Dutch: *thiuden
    • Middle Dutch: dieden, duden
      • Dutch: duiden
        • Afrikaans: dui
      • Limburgish: duuje
  • Old High German: diuten, *tiuten
    • Middle High German: diuten, tiuten
      • Bavarian: deitn
      • German: deuten
      • Luxembourgish: deiten
      • Yiddish: טײַטשן (taytshn)
• Old Norse: þýða
  • Icelandic: þýða
  • Faroese: týða
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: tyda, ty
  • Elfdalian: tyða
  • Old Swedish: þȳþa
    • Swedish: tyda
  • Old Danish: thȳthæ
    • Danish: tyde, ty
      • Norwegian Bokmål: tyde, ty
  • Gutnish: tyde
  • Scanian: týða