Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/tungeti
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]A verb infamous for its complicated origin. There are two major theories on its origin:[1]
- A modern theory derives the verb from a suppletive conflation of a nasal-infix present *lungeti from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lewgʰ- (“to announce”) and a preterite derived from *tek- (“to reach out, receive with one's hands”). The initial t- outside the present would thus come from analogy with the preterite. This theory dismisses a connection with Gaulish toncsiiontio.[2]
- An older, more traditional theory supposed descent from Proto-Indo-European *th₂négti (“to touch, grasp; to take”), ne-infixed verb from the root *teh₂g- (“to touch; to take”), with semantic divergence (i.e. to “take (an oath)”); compare Latin tangō (“(I) touch”), especially in the figurative meanings “affect; enchant”, Proto-Germanic *þakkōną (“to touch lightly”) and Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having seized”, ptcp.). The o-grade in Old Irish however would be unexplained.
Verb
[edit]*tungeti
- to swear (an oath)
Inflection
[edit]| Thematic present, suffixless preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *tungū | *tungemam | *tituxsū | *tetoka |
| 2nd singular | *tungesi | *tungetās | *tituxsesi | *tetokas? |
| 3rd singular | *tungeti | *tungeto | *tituxseti | *tetoke |
| 1st plural | *tungomosi | *tungemo | *tituxsomosi | *tetokmo |
| 2nd plural | *tungetesi | *tungestē | *tituxsetesi | *tetoxte |
| 3rd plural | *tungonti | *tungento | *tituxsonti | *tetokars |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *touxsū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *touxsesi | ? | *tunge | |
| 3rd singular | *touxseti | ? | *tungetou | |
| 1st plural | *touxsomosi | ? | *tungomos | |
| 2nd plural | *touxsetesi | ? | *tungete | |
| 3rd plural | *touxsonti | ? | *tungontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *tungūr | — | *tituxsūr | *tetokra |
| 2nd singular | *tungetar | — | *tituxsetar | *tetokras? |
| 3rd singular | *tungetor | ? | *tituxsetor | *tetokre |
| 1st plural | *tungommor | — | *tituxsommor | ? |
| 2nd plural | *tungedwe | — | *tituxsedwe | ? |
| 3rd plural | *tungontor | ? | *tituxsontor | ? |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *touxsūr | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | *touxsetar | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | *touxsetor | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *touxsommor | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | *touxsedwe | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | *touxsontor | — | — | |
| Declension of the past participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *tuxtos | *tuxtou | *tuxtoi |
| vocative | *tuxte | *tuxtou | *tuxtoi |
| accusative | *tuxtom | *tuxtou | *tuxtoms |
| genitive | *tuxtī | *tuxtous | *tuxtom |
| dative | *tuxtūi | *tuxtobom | *tuxtobos |
| instrumental | *tuxtū | *tuxtobim | *tuxtobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *tuxtā | *tuxtai | *tuxtās |
| vocative | *tuxtā | *tuxtai | *tuxtās |
| accusative | *tuxtam | *tuxtai | *tuxtams |
| genitive | *tuxtās | *tuxtous | *tuxtom |
| dative | *tuxtai | *tuxtābom | *tuxtābos |
| instrumental | *? | *tuxtābim | *tuxtābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *tuxtom | *tuxtou | *tuxtā |
| vocative | *tuxtom | *tuxtou | *tuxtā |
| accusative | *tuxtom | *tuxtou | *tuxtā |
| genitive | *tuxtī | *tuxtous | *tuxtom |
| dative | *tuxtūi | *tuxtobom | *tuxtobos |
| instrumental | *tuxtū | *tuxtobim | *tuxtobis |
Derived terms
[edit]- *writ-tungeti (“to counter-swear”)
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Middle Welsh: gwrthdwng
- Welsh: gwrthdyngu
- Middle Welsh: gwrthdwng
- Old Irish: fristoing (“to forswear”)
- Proto-Brythonic:
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Irish: tongaid
- >? Gaulish: toncsiiontio (3p.fut.rel.)
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tong-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 383
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “Urkelt. *tu-n-g-e/o- ← 2. *lu-n-g-e/o- ‘schwören’”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 648-52
- ^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) “to-n-g-”, in Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, pages 317-319