Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gaisos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *gaizaz (given the diphthong *ai instead of the expected *oi), which itself is derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“throwing spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to throw, impel”). Related to Sanskrit हेषस् (héṣas, “missile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (zaēna, “weapon”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”).

Noun

*gaisos m

1. spear

Declension

Masculine o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gaisos	*gaisou	*gaisoi
vocative	*gaise	*gaisou	*gaisoi
accusative	*gaisom	*gaisou	*gaisoms
genitive	*gaisī	*gaisous	*gaisom
dative	*gaisūi	*gaisobom	*gaisobos
locative	*gaisei	*?	*?
instrumental	*gaisū	*gaisobim	*gaisūis

Derived terms

• *uɸogaisos

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *goɨw
  • Middle Cornish: gyw, giu, gew
  • ⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *godɣoɨw
    • Middle Welsh: gotoyw, gottoev
• Old Irish: gae
  • Irish: ga
• Gaulish: *gaisos
  • → Latin: gaesum (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ Gaulish: *Ariogaisos (see there for further descendants)