지다

Korean

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕida̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [지다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	jida
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	jida
McCune–Reischauer?	chida
Yale Romanization?	cita

Etymology 1

First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 耻 (Yale: *ti-).

In the hangul script, first attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 디다 (Yale: ti-ta). Original meaning: "to fall; to drop".

Verb

Korean verb set

Base	지다 (jida)
Causative	지우다 (jiuda)

지다 • (jida) (infinitive 져 or 지어, sequential 지니) (intransitive)

1. (auxiliary, after the 어/ 아 infinitive) to become, to get: turns adjectives into processive verbs; expresses change in state.

   ‎새롭다 (saeropda, “to be new”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎새로워지다 (saerowojida, “to become new”)

   ‎용감하다 (yonggamhada, “to be brave”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎용감해지다 (yonggamhaejida, “to become brave”)

2. (auxiliary, after the 어/ 아 infinitive) forms intransitive or passive verbs from processive verbs; see usage notes.

   ‎지나가다 (jinagada, “to pass, go through”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎지나가지다 (jinagajida, “to be possible to pass, go through”)

   ‎막다 (makda, “to block”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎막아지다 (magajida, “to be blocked”)

   ‎주다 (juda, “to give”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎주어지다 (jueojida, “to be given”)

3. (auxiliary, after the 어/ 아 infinitive, unproductive) suffix which formed intransitive passive constructions; usually the constructions have deviated from the original modern meaning of the verbs.

   Coordinate term: 뜨리다 (-tteurida)

   ‎부수다 (busuda, “to break”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎부서지다 (buseojida, “to be shattered”)

   ‎떨다 (tteolda, “to tremble”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎떨어지다 (tteoreojida, “to fall”)

4. (of the sun) to sink; to set; to go down

   Antonym: 뜨다 (tteuda)

5. (of flowers, also figurative) to wither and fall; to scatter; to be scattered

   Antonym: 피다 (pida)

   • 2003, “하망연 [hamang'yeon]”, in 대장금 OST:

     바람에 지는 아련한 사랑

     baram-e jineun aryeonhan sarang

     a vague love which disappears with the wind

6. to come out (with a wash); to be removed; to be washed off
7. (obsolete, original meaning) to fall

Usage notes

• For the second auxiliary sense, the meaning of the suffix differs if the verb is intransitive, intransitive passive, or transitive.
  • For intransitive verbs, the suffix usually adds the meaning of potentiality, which, usually, goes over the speaker's expectations of the action happening.
  • For intransitive passive verbs, the suffix doesn't add any special meaning. This is usually done when the base transitive verb cannot take 어지다 (-eojida): 읽다 (ikda) -> 읽혀지다 (ilkyeojida), but *읽어지다 (*ilgeojida) is not correct. However, do note that this use of 어지다 (-eojida) is seen to be incorrect by the National Institute of Korean Language.
  • For transitive and ditransitive verbs, the suffix forms an intransitive verb with passive meaning. In such case, not every verb can have 어지다 (-eojida) added to it; see above.

Derived terms

• 가로지다 (garojida)
• 꺾어지다 (kkeokkeojida, “to break, snap (intransitive)”)
• 넘어지다 (neomeojida, “to fall, collapse”)
• 부러지다 (bureojida, “to break”)
• 쓰러지다 (sseureojida, “to fall, collapse”)

 

Suffix

—지다 • (-jida)

1. Attached to nominal or verbal roots to form adjectives carrying the meaning of “with the characteristics of...”.

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 지다 (jida): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	진다 jinda	져 jeo	져요, 지어요 jeoyo, jieoyo	집니다 jimnida
	Past	졌다 jeotda	졌어 jeosseo	졌어요 jeosseoyo	졌습니다 jeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	지느냐 jineunya	져 jeo	져요, 지어요 jeoyo, jieoyo	집니까 jimnikka
	Past	졌느냐 jeonneunya	졌어 jeosseo	졌어요 jeosseoyo	졌습니까 jeotseumnikka
Hortative		지자 jija	져 jeo	져요, 지어요 jeoyo, jieoyo	지십시다 jisipsida
Imperative		져라, 지어라 jeora, jieora	져 jeo	져요, 지어요 jeoyo, jieoyo	집시오 jipsio
Assertive		지겠다 jigetda	지겠어 jigesseo	지겠어요 jigesseoyo	지겠습니다 jigetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		져 jeo	져서, 지어서 jeoseo, jieoseo	지니 jini	지니까 jinikka
Contrast		지지만 jijiman	지는데 jineunde	지더니 jideoni
Conjunction		지고 jigo
Condition		지면 jimyeon	져야, 지어야 jeoya, jieoya
Motive		지려고 jiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		짐 jim	지기 jigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		졌음, 지었음 jeosseum, jieosseum	졌기, 지었기 jeotgi, jieotgi
Determiners	Past	진 jin
	Present	지는 jineun
	Future	질 jil

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	지신다 jisinda	지셔 jisyeo	지세요, 지셔요 jiseyo, jisyeoyo	지십니다 jisimnida
	Past	지셨다 jisyeotda	지셨어 jisyeosseo	지셨어요 jisyeosseoyo	지셨습니다 jisyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	지시느냐 jisineunya	지셔 jisyeo	지세요, 지셔요 jiseyo, jisyeoyo	지십니까 jisimnikka
	Past	지셨느냐 jisyeonneunya	지셨어 jisyeosseo	지셨어요 jisyeosseoyo	지셨습니까 jisyeotseumnikka
Imperative		지시라 jisira	지셔 jisyeo	지세요 jiseyo	지십시오 jisipsio
Assertive		지시겠다 jisigetda	지시겠어 jisigesseo	지시겠어요 jisigesseoyo	지시겠습니다 jisigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		지셔 jisyeo	지셔서 jisyeoseo	지시니 jisini	지시니까 jisinikka
Contrast		지시지만 jisijiman	지시는데 jisineunde	지시더니 jisideoni
Conjunction		지시고 jisigo
Condition		지시면 jisimyeon	지셔야 jisyeoya
Motive		지시려고 jisiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		지심 jisim	지시기 jisigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		지셨음 jisyeosseum	지셨기 jisyeotgi
Determiners	Past	지신 jisin
	Present	지시는 jisineun
	Future	지실 jisil

Etymology 2

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 지다 (Yale: ci-ta).

Verb

Korean verb set

Base	지다 (jida)
Causative	지우다 (jiuda)

지다 • (jida) (infinitive 져 or 지어, sequential 지니) (transitive)

1. to carry on one's back; to bear

   등에 짐을 지다. ― Deung-e jim-eul jida. ― to carry a load on one's back

2. (figurative) to undertake; to be charged with (the duty of); to assume (the responsibility of)
3. (figurative) to fall into (debt); to incur (a debt)

   10억원의 빚을 지다. ― Sibeogwon-ui bij-eul jida. ― to owe 1 billion won

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 지다 (jida): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	진다 jinda	져 jeo	져요, 지어요 jeoyo, jieoyo	집니다 jimnida
	Past	졌다 jeotda	졌어 jeosseo	졌어요 jeosseoyo	졌습니다 jeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	지느냐 jineunya	져 jeo	져요, 지어요 jeoyo, jieoyo	집니까 jimnikka
	Past	졌느냐 jeonneunya	졌어 jeosseo	졌어요 jeosseoyo	졌습니까 jeotseumnikka
Hortative		지자 jija	져 jeo	져요, 지어요 jeoyo, jieoyo	지십시다 jisipsida
Imperative		져라, 지어라 jeora, jieora	져 jeo	져요, 지어요 jeoyo, jieoyo	집시오 jipsio
Assertive		지겠다 jigetda	지겠어 jigesseo	지겠어요 jigesseoyo	지겠습니다 jigetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		져 jeo	져서, 지어서 jeoseo, jieoseo	지니 jini	지니까 jinikka
Contrast		지지만 jijiman	지는데 jineunde	지더니 jideoni
Conjunction		지고 jigo
Condition		지면 jimyeon	져야, 지어야 jeoya, jieoya
Motive		지려고 jiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		짐 jim	지기 jigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		졌음, 지었음 jeosseum, jieosseum	졌기, 지었기 jeotgi, jieotgi
Determiners	Past	진 jin
	Present	지는 jineun
	Future	질 jil

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	지신다 jisinda	지셔 jisyeo	지세요, 지셔요 jiseyo, jisyeoyo	지십니다 jisimnida
	Past	지셨다 jisyeotda	지셨어 jisyeosseo	지셨어요 jisyeosseoyo	지셨습니다 jisyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	지시느냐 jisineunya	지셔 jisyeo	지세요, 지셔요 jiseyo, jisyeoyo	지십니까 jisimnikka
	Past	지셨느냐 jisyeonneunya	지셨어 jisyeosseo	지셨어요 jisyeosseoyo	지셨습니까 jisyeotseumnikka
Imperative		지시라 jisira	지셔 jisyeo	지세요 jiseyo	지십시오 jisipsio
Assertive		지시겠다 jisigetda	지시겠어 jisigesseo	지시겠어요 jisigesseoyo	지시겠습니다 jisigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		지셔 jisyeo	지셔서 jisyeoseo	지시니 jisini	지시니까 jisinikka
Contrast		지시지만 jisijiman	지시는데 jisineunde	지시더니 jisideoni
Conjunction		지시고 jisigo
Condition		지시면 jisimyeon	지셔야 jisyeoya
Motive		지시려고 jisiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		지심 jisim	지시기 jisigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		지셨음 jisyeosseum	지셨기 jisyeotgi
Determiners	Past	지신 jisin
	Present	지시는 jisineun
	Future	지실 jisil

Derived terms

• 지게 (jige)
• 짊다 (jimda)
• 짐 (jim)

 

Etymology 3

First attested in the Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae (分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해), 1481, as Middle Korean 디다 (Yale: ti-ta).

Also attested in the Beonyeok Bak Tongsa (飜譯朴通事 / 번역박통사), before 1517, as Middle Korean 지다 (Yale: ci-ta).

Verb

Korean verb set

Base	지다 (jida)
Passive	지우다 (jiuda)

지다 • (jida) (infinitive 져 or 지어, sequential 지니) (transitive or intransitive)

1. to be defeated; to lose; to be beaten

   Synonyms: 패(敗)하다 (paehada), 패배(敗北)하다 (paebaehada)

   Antonym: 이기다 (igida)

   게임에서 지다 ― geim-eseo jida ― to lose a game

   경기에서 지다 ― gyeonggi-eseo jida ― to lose a match

   싸움을 지다 ― ssaum-eul jida ― to lose a battle

2. to surrender (to); to bow (to)
3. to be inferior (to); to be second (to)

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 지다 (jida): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	진다 jinda	져 jeo	져요, 지어요 jeoyo, jieoyo	집니다 jimnida
	Past	졌다 jeotda	졌어 jeosseo	졌어요 jeosseoyo	졌습니다 jeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	지느냐 jineunya	져 jeo	져요, 지어요 jeoyo, jieoyo	집니까 jimnikka
	Past	졌느냐 jeonneunya	졌어 jeosseo	졌어요 jeosseoyo	졌습니까 jeotseumnikka
Hortative		지자 jija	져 jeo	져요, 지어요 jeoyo, jieoyo	지십시다 jisipsida
Imperative		져라, 지어라 jeora, jieora	져 jeo	져요, 지어요 jeoyo, jieoyo	집시오 jipsio
Assertive		지겠다 jigetda	지겠어 jigesseo	지겠어요 jigesseoyo	지겠습니다 jigetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		져 jeo	져서, 지어서 jeoseo, jieoseo	지니 jini	지니까 jinikka
Contrast		지지만 jijiman	지는데 jineunde	지더니 jideoni
Conjunction		지고 jigo
Condition		지면 jimyeon	져야, 지어야 jeoya, jieoya
Motive		지려고 jiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		짐 jim	지기 jigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		졌음, 지었음 jeosseum, jieosseum	졌기, 지었기 jeotgi, jieotgi
Determiners	Past	진 jin
	Present	지는 jineun
	Future	질 jil

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	지신다 jisinda	지셔 jisyeo	지세요, 지셔요 jiseyo, jisyeoyo	지십니다 jisimnida
	Past	지셨다 jisyeotda	지셨어 jisyeosseo	지셨어요 jisyeosseoyo	지셨습니다 jisyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	지시느냐 jisineunya	지셔 jisyeo	지세요, 지셔요 jiseyo, jisyeoyo	지십니까 jisimnikka
	Past	지셨느냐 jisyeonneunya	지셨어 jisyeosseo	지셨어요 jisyeosseoyo	지셨습니까 jisyeotseumnikka
Imperative		지시라 jisira	지셔 jisyeo	지세요 jiseyo	지십시오 jisipsio
Assertive		지시겠다 jisigetda	지시겠어 jisigesseo	지시겠어요 jisigesseoyo	지시겠습니다 jisigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		지셔 jisyeo	지셔서 jisyeoseo	지시니 jisini	지시니까 jisinikka
Contrast		지시지만 jisijiman	지시는데 jisineunde	지시더니 jisideoni
Conjunction		지시고 jisigo
Condition		지시면 jisimyeon	지셔야 jisyeoya
Motive		지시려고 jisiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		지심 jisim	지시기 jisigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		지셨음 jisyeosseum	지셨기 jisyeotgi
Determiners	Past	지신 jisin
	Present	지시는 jisineun
	Future	지실 jisil

Derived terms

• 뒤지다 (dwijida)

Middle Korean

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tsita/

Verb

지다 (cita)

1. (auxiliary) to want, to desire
   • 14th century?, “鄭石歌 (Jeongseok-ga)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang Gasa):

     그쇠텰초를머거아유덕ᄒᆞ신님여ᄒᆡᄋᆞ와지이다

     ku soy tyelcwo-lul mekeya yutek-hosin nim yehoyowa cingita

     Only if that cow eats iron grass shall I desire to depart from my virtuous lover