-도다

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See also: 도다

Korean

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Alternative forms

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  • 로다 (-roda)used only in certain environments, for which refer to usage notes.

Etymology

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From Middle Korean 도〮다〮 (Yale: -twótá) first attested in hangul form in Seokbosangjeol, 1447.

Pronunciation

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Romanizations
Revised Romanization?doda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?doda
McCune–Reischauer?toda
Yale Romanization?tota

Suffix

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도다 (-doda)

  1. (dated or humorous) A formal non-polite exclamatory ending used to express admiration or surprise.
    Synonym: 는구나 (-neun'guna)
    • 양사언(楊士彦) (Yang Sa'eon), 태산가(泰山歌), Middle Korean translation in modernized language
      태산 높다 하늘 아래 로다
      Taesan-i nopda hadoe haneul arae moe-iroda
      Although Taesan is lofty, it is still a mountain underneath heaven
    • 시편 135:11 (KRV 개역한글) [Psalm 135:11 (Korean Revised Version)][1]; English translation from the King James Version[2]
      아모리인 시혼 바산 가나안 모든 국왕로다
      got Amoriin-ui wang Sihon-gwa Basan wang Ok-gwa Ganaan-ui modeun gugwang-iroda
      Sihon king of the Amorites, and Og king of Bashan, And all the kingdoms of Canaan
  2. (humorous, mainly 1st person) A formal non-polite exclamatory ending used to declare a certain fact.
    도다na-neun watdodaI have come!

Usage notes

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  • Even though this was a requirement in Middle Korean, Modern Korean 도다 (-doda) does not have to be substituted with 로다 (-roda) after 이다 (-ida), 아니다 (anida), or 으시 (-eusi-). When used after them, 로다 (-roda) tends to sound more old-fashioned.
  • 로다 (-roda) is still obligatory after 으리 (-euri).

Middle Korean

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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A compound suffix made up of 도〮 (-twó-, emotive suffix) and 다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix).

Suffix

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도〮다〮 (twótá)

  1. An exclamatory sentence-final suffix
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See also

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Middle Korean sentence enders
Form Mood Notes Applied to (sye-, to stand)
다〮 (-tá)
라〮 (-lá)
Declarative Unmarked 셔다〮 (Yale: syètá)
우〮마〮 (-wúmá) Promissive 셔우〮마〮 (Yale: syèwúmá)
(-n) 다〮 (-tá) Interrogative Realis Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject 션다〮 (Yale: syèntá)
가〮 (-ka) Polar question, non-2P subject 션가〮 (Yale: syènká)
고〮 (-kwo) Wh-word question, non-2P subject 션고〮 (Yale: syènkwó)
(-lq) 다〮 (-tá) Irrealis Obligatory for 2P subject 셜따〮 (Yale: syèlttá)
가〮 (-ká) Polar question, non-2P subject 셜까〮 (Yale: syèlkká)
고〮 (-kwó) Wh-word question, non-2P subject 셜꼬〮 (Yale: syèlkkwó)
니〮 (-ní-) 아〮 (-Gá) Realis Non-honorific Polar question 셔니〮아〮 (Yale: syèníGá), 셔녀〮 (Yale: syènyé)
오〮 (-Gwó) Non-polar question 셔니〮오〮 (Yale: syèníGwó), 셔뇨〮 (Yale: syènywó)
(-s-) 가〮 (-ká) Deferential No polarity distinction 셔닛〮가〮 (Yale: syèníská)
ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-) Highly deferential 셔니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèníngìská)
리〮 (-lí-) 아〮 (-Gá) Irrealis Non-honorific Polar question 셔리〮아〮 (Yale: syèlíGá), 셔려〮 (Yale: syèlyé)
오〮 (-Gwó) Non-polar question 셔리〮오〮 (Yale: syèlíGwó), 셔료〮 (Yale: syèlywó)
(-s-) 가〮 (-ká) Deferential No polarity distinction 셔릿〮가〮 (Yale: syèlíská)
ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-) Highly deferential 셔리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèlíngìská)
라〮 (-lá) Imperative Ordering Non-honorific 셔라〮 (Yale: syèlá)
아〮쎠〮 (-ássyé)
어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé)
Deferential 셔〮쎠〮 (Yale: syéssyé)
쇼〮셔〮 (-syósyé) Highly deferential 셔쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: syèsyósyé)
고〮 (-kwó-)
오〮 (-Gwó-)
라〮 (-lá) Requesting Non-honorific 셔고〮라〮 (Yale: syèkwólá)
려〮 (-lyé) Deferential 셔고〮려〮 (Yale: syèkwólyé)
ᅌᅵ (-ngì-) 다〮 (-tá) Highly deferential 셔고〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèkwóngìtá)
져〮 (-cyé) Propositive Plain 셔져〮 (Yale: syècyé)
사〮 (-sá-) ᅌᅵ (-ngì-) 다〮 (-tá) Deferential 셔사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèsángìtá)
(-n) 뎌〮 (-tyé) Exclamatory Self-honoring 션뎌〮 (Yale: syèntyé)
(-lq) 셔〮 (-syé) 셜쎠〮 (Yale: syèlssyé)
고〮나〮 (-kwóná) Only sixteenth century 셔고〮나〮 (Yale: syèkwóná)
Based on 나찬연 2020, 중세 국어의 이해; Lee and Ramsey 2011, History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive.