柔然

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (柔然)		柔	然
simp. #(柔然)		柔	然

Etymology

Borrowed from Rouran.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Róurán

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄡˊ ㄖㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jau⁴ jin⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Róurán
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄡˊ ㄖㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Róurán
    • Wade–Giles: Jou²-jan²
    • Yale: Róu-rán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Rouran
    • Palladius: Жоужань (Žoužanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐoʊ̯³⁵ ʐän³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jau⁴ jin⁴
    • Yale: yàuh yìhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jau⁴ jin⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: yeo⁴ yin⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯²¹ jiːn²¹/
    • Homophones:

      edit edit 柔然 油然 蚰蜒

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• Middle Chinese: nyuw nyen

Rime
Character	柔	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	耳由切	如延切
Baxter	nyuw	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵɨu/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiu/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑiəu/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵuw/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/ȵiu/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭəu/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯ə̯u/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	róu	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau4	jin4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*nu  [n]a[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*mlju  njen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	柔	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	róu	rán
Middle Chinese	‹ nyuw ›	‹ nyen ›
Old Chinese	/*nu/	/*[n]a[n]/
English	soft	so, thus; (adv suffix)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	柔	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	8825	10756
Phonetic component	矛	肰
Rime group	幽	元
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	柔	然
Old Chinese	/*mlju/	/*njen/

Proper noun

柔然

1. (historical) Rouran (a khaganate that ruled much of present-day Mongolia, northern China and southern Siberia from the mid-4th to the mid-6th centuries, formed from a tribal confederation of pre-Mongolic peoples of Donghu origin)
2. (historical) Rouran (the language of the Rouran khaganate)

Synonyms

• 檀檀 (Tántán)
• 皇芮 (Huángruì)
• 芮芮 (Ruìruì)
• 茹茹 (Rúrú)
• 蝚蠕 (Róurú)
• 蠕蠕 (Ruǎnruǎn)

 

Descendants

• → English: Rouran

Japanese

Kanji in this term
柔	然
じゅう Grade: S	ぜん Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d͡ʑɨːzẽ̞ɴ]

Proper noun

柔(じゅう)然(ぜん) • (Jūzen) 

1. (historical) Rouran (a khaganate that ruled much of present-day Mongolia, northern China and southern Siberia from the mid-4th to the mid-6th centuries, formed from a tribal confederation of pre-Mongolic peoples of Donghu origin)
2. (historical) Rouran (the language of the Rouran khaganate)

Korean

Hanja in this term
柔	然

Proper noun

柔然 • (Yuyeon) (hangeul 유연)

1. hanja form^? of 유연 (“Rouran”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
柔	然

Proper noun

柔然

1. chữ Hán form of Nhu Nhiên (“Rouran”).