奈良
Chinese
[edit]| phonetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (奈良) | 奈 | 良 | |
| simp. #(奈良) | 奈 | 良 | |
Etymology
[edit]Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 奈良 (Nara).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄞˋ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: Nàiliáng
- Wade–Giles: Nai4-liang2
- Yale: Nài-lyáng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Nayliang
- Palladius: Найлян (Najljan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /naɪ̯⁵¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: noi6 loeng4
- Yale: noih lèuhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: noi6 loeng4
- Guangdong Romanization: noi6 lêng4
- Sinological IPA (key): /nɔːi̯²² lœːŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Nāi-liông
- Tâi-lô: Nāi-liông
- Phofsit Daibuun: naixlioong
- IPA (Taipei): /nãi³³⁻¹¹ liɔŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /nãi³³⁻²¹ liɔŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
Proper noun
[edit]奈良
Japanese
[edit]| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 奈 | 良 |
| な Grade: 4 (ateji) |
ら Grade: 4 (ateji) |
| goon | nanori |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 寧楽 平城 |
Etymology
[edit]From Old Japanese. Attested from at least the early 700s.[1] The kanji are ateji (当て字).
Various ancient spellings suggest forms ending in -ku or -ki. This latter element is not attested past the Old Japanese stage:
奈羅, 那羅, 楢, 儺羅 名良, 奈良, 那良 那楽, 寧楽 平城 → ⟨nara⟩ ⟨nara⟩ ⟨naraku⟩ ⟨naraki2⟩ → /nara/ */naraᵑ/ */narakʉ/ */narakɨ/ → /nara/
According to the Nihon Shoki (720 CE), the placename is derived from the Japanese verb 均す, 平す (narasu, “to flatten”).[2] In The Study of Place Names, Kunio Yanagida stated, “Nara stands for ‘flatland’.”[3]
However, an analysis of Old Japanese phonetic spellings (man'yōgana) reveals that the city name was often spelled with a final -ku or -ki element, which makes it phonologically unlikely that the city name derives directly from the verb narasu. The root from which the verb itself derives, nar-, appears in various terms related to “flat” or “flatness”, a fitting descriptor for the local geography. The final -ku or -ki element in the ancient spellings may be Old Japanese 城 (ki2 → ki, “palisade, stronghold, fortress, castle”), as also suggested in the alternative kanji spelling 平城 (literally “flat stronghold”). See also the discussion of the city name's etymology on Wikipedia.
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]- a placename, especially:
- Short for 奈良県 (Nara-ken): Nara (a prefecture of Japan)
- Short for 奈良市 (Nara-shi): Nara (the capital city of Nara Prefecture)
- a surname
Derived terms
[edit]- 奈良団扇 (Nara uchiwa)
- 奈良絵本 (Nara Ehon)
- 奈良一刀彫 (Nara ittōbori)
- 奈良街道 (Nara kaidō)
- 奈良刀 (naragatana)
- 奈良県 (Nara-ken)
- 奈良公園 (Nara Kōen)
- 奈良金剛 (Nara kongō)
- 奈良坂 (Narazaka)
- 奈良酒 (Nara-zake)
- 奈良晒 (Nara-zarashi)
- 奈良三作 (Nara Sansaku)
- 奈良時代 (Nara jidai)
- 奈良線 (Nara-sen)
- 奈良草履 (Nara zōri)
- 奈良大衆 (Nara daishu)
- 奈良茶 (Nara-cha)
- 奈良茶飯 (Nara chameshi)
- 奈良茶碗 (Nara chawan)
- 奈良朝 (Nara-chō)
- 奈良漬け (narazuke)
- 奈良人形 (Nara ningyō)
- 奈良の大仏 (Nara no Daibutsu)
- 奈良の都 (Nara no miyako)
- 奈良派 (Nara-ha)
- 奈良版 (Nara-ban)
- 奈良奉行 (Nara bugyō)
- 奈良風炉 (Nara-buro)
- 奈良法師 (Nara hōshi)
- 奈良盆地 (Nara bonchi)
- 奈良彫 (narabori)
- 奈良物 (naramono)
- 奈良山 (Nara-yama)
See also
[edit]- 平城京 (Heijō-kyō)
- 青丹よし (aoni yoshi), pillow word alluding to Nara
References
[edit]- ^ “奈良・平城・寧楽”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ On the tenth year of Emperor Sujin's reign, Water Rat day of the ninth month, “then, leading selected soldiers, (the rebels) went forward, climbed Nara-yama (hills lying to the north of Heijō-kyō) and put them in order. Now the imperial forces gathered and flattened trees and plants. Therefore, the mountain is called Nara-yama.”
- ^ 柳田国男 YANAGIDA Kunio (1936), 『地名の研究』 (The Study of Place Names), 古今書院, pp.217-219
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Old Japanese
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From the Nihon Shoki (720 CE):
However, analysis of phonetic spellings reveals that the placename was often spelled with a final -ku or -ki2 element.
Proper noun
[edit]奈良 (Nara) (kana なら)
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Japanese: 奈良 (Nara)
See also
[edit]- 靑丹よし (awoni yo1si), pillow word alluding to Nara
- Chinese terms borrowed from Japanese
- Chinese orthographic borrowings from Japanese
- Chinese terms derived from Japanese
- Chinese lemmas
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- Mandarin proper nouns
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- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 奈
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- zh:Nara Prefecture
- zh:Prefectures of Japan
- zh:Places in Japan
- zh:Cities in Nara Prefecture
- zh:Cities in Japan
- zh:Places in Nara Prefecture
- Japanese terms spelled with ateji
- Japanese terms spelled with 奈 read as な
- Japanese terms spelled with 良 read as ら
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
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- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
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- ja:Nara Prefecture
- ja:Prefectures of Japan
- ja:Places in Japan
- ja:Cities in Nara Prefecture
- ja:Cities in Japan
- ja:Prefectural capitals of Japan
- ja:Places in Nara Prefecture
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- Old Japanese terms with usage examples
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