堥敦

Chinese

			kindhearted; place name
simp. and trad. (堥敦)		堥	敦

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): máodūn

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄠˊ ㄉㄨㄣ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: máodūn
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄠˊ ㄉㄨㄣ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: máodun
    • Wade–Giles: mao²-tun¹
    • Yale: máu-dwūn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mauduen
    • Palladius: маодунь (maodunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɑʊ̯³⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: maw|mjuw twon

Rime
Character	堥	堥	敦
Reading #	1/2	2/2	2/4
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	明 (4)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)	尤 (136)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	III	I
Fanqie	莫袍切	莫浮切	都昆切
Baxter	maw	mjuw	twon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɑu/	/mɨu/	/tuən/
Pan Wuyun	/mɑu/	/miu/	/tuon/
Shao Rongfen	/mɑu/	/miəu/	/tuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/maw/	/muw/	/twən/
Li Rong	/mɑu/	/miu/	/tuən/
Wang Li	/mɑu/	/mĭəu/	/tuən/
Bernhard Karlgren	/mɑu/	/mi̯ə̯u/	/tuən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	máo	móu	dūn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mou4	mau4	deon1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*mu  tuːl|doːn|tuːn|tuːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	敦	敦	敦
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	duī	dūn	dūn
Middle Chinese	‹ twoj ›	‹ twon ›	‹ twon ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁur/ (dialect: *-r > *-j)	/*tˁur/	/*tˁur/
English	manage, direct	solid, thick	敦煌 ~ 燉煌 Dūnhuáng
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堥	敦	敦	敦	敦
Reading #	2/2	1/4	2/4	3/4	4/4
No.	8820	2587	2594	2597	2602
Phonetic component	矛	敦	敦	敦	敦
Rime group	幽	微	元	文	文
Rime subdivision	1	2	3	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	謀	磓	團	敦	頓
Old Chinese	/*mu/	/*tuːl/	/*doːn/	/*tuːn/	/*tuːns/
Notes	見班固答賓戲

Noun

堥敦

1. hill