さかな

Japanese

Alternative spellings
魚肴

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さかな

Wikipedia ^ja

Etymology

Compound of Old Japanese-derived elements 酒 (saka, bound apophonic form of sake₂, “alcoholic beverage, especially sake”) +‎ 肴, 菜, 魚 (na, “generic term for a side dish, especially vegetables, fish, or other meat”).^[1]^[2]^[3]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) さかな [sàkáná] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[4]
IPA^(key): [sa̠ka̠na̠]

(Kyoto) さかな [sákáná] (Kōki – [0])^[1]^[4]

(Kagoshima) さかな [sàkánà] (type A)^[4]^[5]

Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent

(the Heian period) HHH?

※ H for high and flat syllables (◌́), L for low and flat syllables (◌̀), F for high-to-low syllables (◌̂), R for low-to-high syllables (◌̌).
※ References: ^[1]

Noun

さかな • (sakana)

肴: [from 700s or 800s] a side dish served with saké, including fish, meat, fruit or vegetables
肴: [from early 1300s] entertainment at a drinking party
魚: [from the 1600s] a fish
庭(にわ)で美(お)味(い)しい魚(さかな)を食(た)べた。
Niwa de oishii sakana o tabeta.
I ate a delicious fish in the garden.
- 2000 January 27, “レインボー・フィッシュ [Rainbow Fish]”, in Vol.7, Konami:
  
  世(よ)にも珍(めずら)しい七(なな)色(いろ)の魚(さかな)。捕(つか)まえるのはかなり難(むずか)しい。
  Yonimo mezurashii nanairo no sakana. Tsukamaeru no wa kanari muzukashii.
  An extremely rare seven-colored fish. It is quite difficult to catch.
- 2011 May 14, “半(はん)魚(ぎょ)獣(じゅう)・フィッシャービースト [Semi-Ichthyobestia Fisherbeast]”, in Beginner's Edition 1, Konami:
  
  陸(りく)では獣(けもの)のように、海(うみ)では魚(さかな)のように素(す)早(ばや)く攻(こう)撃(げき)する。
  Riku de wa kemono no yō ni, umi de wa sakana no yō ni subayaku kōgeki suru.
  Like a beast on land, like a fish in the sea, he attacks swiftly.
肴: [from 1887] a side dish accompanied with staple food
Synonym: おかず (okazu)
肴: (dialect, Kochi) general term for any cooked food

Usage notes

This is now the most common general word for fish in modern standard Japanese.

Derived terms

青(あお)魚(ざかな) (aozakana)
生(い)き魚(ざかな) (ikizakana)
川(かわ)魚(ざかな) (kawazakana)
小(こ)魚(ざかな) (kozakana)
下(げ)魚(ざかな) (gezakana, “inferior fish, cheap fish”)
魚(さかな)釣(つ)り (sakanatsuri)
魚(さかな)屋(や) (sakanaya, “fishmonger, fish store/shop”)
魚(さかな)河岸(がし) (sakanagashi, “riverside fish market”)
塩(しお)魚(ざかな) (shiozakana)
年(とし)取(と)り魚(ざかな) (toshitorizakana)
生(なま)魚(ざかな) (namazakana)
煮(に)魚(ざかな) (nizakana)
干(ひ)魚(ざかな) (hizakana)
焼(や)き魚(ざかな) (yakizakana)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 “さか‐な【肴・魚】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ “魚”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎^[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
^ Hirayama, Teruo (平山照男), Ōshima Ichirō (大島一郎), Ōno Masao (大野眞男), Kuno Makoto (久野眞), Kuno Mariko (久野マリ子), Sugimura Takao (杉村孝夫) (1992-1994) 現代日本語方言大辞典 [Dictionary of Japanese Dialects], volume 3, Tokyo: Meiji Shoin (明治書院), pages 2074-2076

[KDJ2O-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 “さか‐な【肴・魚】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DDJS-3] “魚”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎^[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months

[ZAJ-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

[GNHD-5] Hirayama, Teruo (平山照男), Ōshima Ichirō (大島一郎), Ōno Masao (大野眞男), Kuno Makoto (久野眞), Kuno Mariko (久野マリ子), Sugimura Takao (杉村孝夫) (1992-1994) 現代日本語方言大辞典 [Dictionary of Japanese Dialects], volume 3, Tokyo: Meiji Shoin (明治書院), pages 2074-2076

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