शुक
Sanskrit
[edit]Alternative scripts
[edit]- শুক (Assamese script)
- ᬰᬸᬓ (Balinese script)
- শুক (Bengali script)
- 𑰫𑰲𑰎 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀰𑀼𑀓 (Brahmi script)
- ၐုက (Burmese script)
- શુક (Gujarati script)
- ਸ਼ੁਕ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌶𑍁𑌕 (Grantha script)
- ꦯꦸꦏ (Javanese script)
- 𑂬𑂳𑂍 (Kaithi script)
- ಶುಕ (Kannada script)
- ឝុក (Khmer script)
- ຨຸກ (Lao script)
- ശുക (Malayalam script)
- ᡧᡠᡬᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘫𑘳𑘎 (Modi script)
- ᠱᠤᢉᠠ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧋𑧔𑦮 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐱𑐸𑐎 (Newa script)
- ଶୁକ (Odia script)
- ꢯꢸꢒ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆯𑆶𑆑 (Sharada script)
- 𑖫𑖲𑖎 (Siddham script)
- ශුක (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩿𑩒𑩜 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚧𑚰𑚊 (Takri script)
- ஶுக (Tamil script)
- శుక (Telugu script)
- ศุก (Thai script)
- ཤུ་ཀ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒬𑒳𑒏 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨮𑨃𑨋 (Zanabazar Square script)
Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Uncertain.
Probably named for its ability to speak,[1][2] derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćawk- (“to call”) (compare the palatalised Proto-Iranian *cawč-[3]), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewk-; ultimately onomatopoeic. Cognate with Late Khotanese [script needed] (sūch-, “to call”), Younger Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (saocaiia, “mockery”), Lithuanian šaũkti (“to shout”), Latvian saukt (“to call”), Tocharian B śauśä (“calls”).
Grassmann and Monier-Williams instead derive it from the root शुच् (śuc, “to purify”), believing the bird to be named for its bright colour; this is phonologically sound (indeed, the Indo-European root is formally identical for both terms) but rejected by Mayrhofer due to the differing semantics of the Khotanese cognate. Pokorny[4] instead relates this word to Proto-Indo-European *kū-, but this is phonologically difficult since the initial consonant would need to undergo palatalisation but no *-e- can be reconstructed for this word nor is analogy to a verb form likely since none is attested.
Noun
[edit]शुक॑ • (śúka) stem, m
- parrot
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.50.12:
- शुके॑षु मे हरि॒माणं॑ रोप॒णाका॑सु दध्मसि
अथो॑ हारिद्र॒वेषु॑ मे हरि॒माणं॒ नि द॑ध्मसि- śúkeṣu me harimā́ṇaṃ ropaṇā́kāsu dadhmasi
atho hāridravéṣu me harimā́ṇaṃ ní dadhmasi
- 1890 translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith
- To parrots and to starlings let us give away my yellowness,
Or this my yellowness let us transfer to Haritâla trees.
- To parrots and to starlings let us give away my yellowness,
- śúkeṣu me harimā́ṇaṃ ropaṇā́kāsu dadhmasi
- शुके॑षु मे हरि॒माणं॑ रोप॒णाका॑सु दध्मसि
- a male given name
Declension
[edit]| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | शुकः (śúkaḥ) | शुकौ (śúkau) शुका¹ (śúkā¹) |
शुकाः (śúkāḥ) शुकासः¹ (śúkāsaḥ¹) |
| vocative | शुक (śúka) | शुकौ (śúkau) शुका¹ (śúkā¹) |
शुकाः (śúkāḥ) शुकासः¹ (śúkāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | शुकम् (śúkam) | शुकौ (śúkau) शुका¹ (śúkā¹) |
शुकान् (śúkān) |
| instrumental | शुकेन (śúkena) | शुकाभ्याम् (śúkābhyām) | शुकैः (śúkaiḥ) शुकेभिः¹ (śúkebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | शुकाय (śúkāya) | शुकाभ्याम् (śúkābhyām) | शुकेभ्यः (śúkebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | शुकात् (śúkāt) | शुकाभ्याम् (śúkābhyām) | शुकेभ्यः (śúkebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | शुकस्य (śúkasya) | शुकयोः (śúkayoḥ) | शुकानाम् (śúkānām) |
| locative | शुके (śúke) | शुकयोः (śúkayoḥ) | शुकेषु (śúkeṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
[edit]- Borrowed terms
Etymology 2
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Noun
[edit]शुक • (śúka) stem, n
- name of several plants
- siris, lebbek tree, Albizia lebbeck
- c. 400 CE – 700 CE, Amarasiṃha, Amarakośa 2.181.1:
- ग्रन्थिपर्णं शुकं बर्हं पुष्पं स्थौणेयकुक्कुरे
- granthiparṇaṃ śukaṃ barhaṃ puṣpaṃ sthauṇeyakukkure
- ग्रन्थिपर्णं शुकं बर्हं पुष्पं स्थौणेयकुक्कुरे
- shrub of the species Ziziphus oenopolia
- siris, lebbek tree, Albizia lebbeck
- Synonym of ग्रन्थिपर्ण (granthiparṇa, “a kind of perfume”)
- name of a mythical weapon
Declension
[edit]| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | शुकम् (śukam) | शुके (śuke) | शुकानि (śukāni) शुका¹ (śukā¹) |
| vocative | शुक (śuka) | शुके (śuke) | शुकानि (śukāni) शुका¹ (śukā¹) |
| accusative | शुकम् (śukam) | शुके (śuke) | शुकानि (śukāni) शुका¹ (śukā¹) |
| instrumental | शुकेन (śukena) | शुकाभ्याम् (śukābhyām) | शुकैः (śukaiḥ) शुकेभिः¹ (śukebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | शुकाय (śukāya) | शुकाभ्याम् (śukābhyām) | शुकेभ्यः (śukebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | शुकात् (śukāt) | शुकाभ्याम् (śukābhyām) | शुकेभ्यः (śukebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | शुकस्य (śukasya) | शुकयोः (śukayoḥ) | शुकानाम् (śukānām) |
| locative | शुके (śuke) | शुकयोः (śukayoḥ) | शुकेषु (śukeṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
References
[edit]- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976) “śúkaḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][1] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 352
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “śúka-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][2] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 644
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*sauč2”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 340
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1474”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1474
Further reading
[edit]- Monier Williams (1899) “शुक”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1079.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “śúka”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 704
- Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2025) “śuka”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.
- Sanskrit terms with IPA pronunciation
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Sanskrit terms with unknown etymologies
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Sanskrit onomatopoeias
- Sanskrit lemmas
- Sanskrit nouns
- Sanskrit nouns in Devanagari script
- Sanskrit masculine nouns
- Sanskrit terms with quotations
- Sanskrit given names
- Sanskrit male given names
- Sanskrit a-stem nouns
- Sanskrit neuter nouns
- sa:Parrots