व्यथा

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit व्यथा (vyathā).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ʋjə.t̪ʰɑː/, [ʋjɐ.t̪ʰäː]

Noun

व्यथा • (vyathā) f

1. pain, anguish, suffering

   Synonyms: पीड़ा (pīṛā), क्लेश (kleś), दुःख (duḥkh)

Declension

Declension of व्यथा (fem ā-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	व्यथा vyathā	व्यथाएँ vyathāẽ
oblique	व्यथा vyathā	व्यथाओं vyathāõ
vocative	व्यथा vyathā	व्यथाओ vyathāo

Further reading

• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “व्यथा”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press

Marathi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit व्यथा (vyathā). First attested as Old Marathi वेथा (vethā).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʋjə.t̪ʰa/

Noun

व्यथा • (vyathā) f

1. pain, anguish, suffering

   Synonyms: वेदना (vednā), क्लेश (kleś), दुःख (duḥkha)

Declension

Declension of व्यथा (fem ā-stem)
direct singular	व्यथा vyathā
direct plural	व्यथा vyathā
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	व्यथा vyathā		व्यथा vyathā
oblique सामान्यरूप	व्यथे vyathe		व्यथां- vyathān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	व्यथेला vyathelā		व्यथांना vyathānnā
ergative	व्यथेने, व्यथेनं vyathene, vyathena		व्यथांनी vyathānnī
instrumental	व्यथेशी vyatheśī		व्यथांशी vyathānśī
locative सप्तमी	व्यथेत vyathet		व्यथांत vyathāt
vocative संबोधन	व्यथे vyathe		व्यथांनो vyathānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of व्यथा (fem ā-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	व्यथेचा vyatheċā	व्यथेचे vyatheċe	व्यथेची vyathecī	व्यथेच्या vyathecā	व्यथेचे, व्यथेचं vyatheċe, vyatheċa	व्यथेची vyathecī	व्यथेच्या vyathecā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	व्यथांचा vyathānċā	व्यथांचे vyathānċe	व्यथांची vyathāñcī	व्यथांच्या vyathāncā	व्यथांचे, व्यथांचं vyathānċe, vyathānċa	व्यथांची vyathāñcī	व्यथांच्या vyathāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “व्यथा”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “व्यथा”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press

Sanskrit

Etymology

From the root व्यथ् (vyath) +‎ -आ (-ā)

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ʋjɐ.tʰɑː/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈʋjɐ.t̪ʰɑː/

Noun

व्यथा • (vyathā) stem, f

1. agitation, perturbation, alarm, uneasiness, pain, anguish, fear
   • c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
2. loss, damage, ill-luck
   • c. 700 BCE, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa
3. palpitation, throbbing of the heart
   • c. 600 BCE – 600 CE, Suśruta, Suśruta Saṃhitā

Declension

Feminine ā-stem declension of व्यथा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	व्यथा (vyathā)	व्यथे (vyathe)	व्यथाः (vyathāḥ)
vocative	व्यथे (vyathe)	व्यथे (vyathe)	व्यथाः (vyathāḥ)
accusative	व्यथाम् (vyathām)	व्यथे (vyathe)	व्यथाः (vyathāḥ)
instrumental	व्यथया (vyathayā) व्यथा¹ (vyathā¹)	व्यथाभ्याम् (vyathābhyām)	व्यथाभिः (vyathābhiḥ)
dative	व्यथायै (vyathāyai)	व्यथाभ्याम् (vyathābhyām)	व्यथाभ्यः (vyathābhyaḥ)
ablative	व्यथायाः (vyathāyāḥ) व्यथायै² (vyathāyai²)	व्यथाभ्याम् (vyathābhyām)	व्यथाभ्यः (vyathābhyaḥ)
genitive	व्यथायाः (vyathāyāḥ) व्यथायै² (vyathāyai²)	व्यथयोः (vyathayoḥ)	व्यथानाम् (vyathānām)
locative	व्यथायाम् (vyathāyām)	व्यथयोः (vyathayoḥ)	व्यथासु (vyathāsu)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “व्यथा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1031.