पञ्जर

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

পঞ্জৰ (Assamese script)
ᬧᬜ᭄ᬚᬭ (Balinese script)
পঞ্জর (Bengali script)
𑰢𑰗𑰿𑰕𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀧𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀭 (Brahmi script)
ပဉ္ဇရ (Burmese script)
પઞ્જર (Gujarati script)
ਪਞ੍ਜਰ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌪𑌞𑍍𑌜𑌰 (Grantha script)
ꦥꦚ꧀ꦗꦫ (Javanese script)
𑂣𑂖𑂹𑂔𑂩 (Kaithi script)
ಪಞ್ಜರ (Kannada script)
បញ្ជរ (Khmer script)
ປຎ຺ຊຣ (Lao script)
പഞ്ജര (Malayalam script)
ᢒᠠᠨᡳᠶᡯᠠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘢𑘗𑘿𑘕𑘨 (Modi script)
ᢒᠠᡛᠽᠠᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑧂𑦷𑧠𑦵𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
𑐥𑐘𑑂𑐖𑐬 (Newa script)
ପଞ୍ଜର (Odia script)
ꢦꢛ꣄ꢙꢬ (Saurashtra script)
𑆥𑆚𑇀𑆘𑆫 (Sharada script)
𑖢𑖗𑖿𑖕𑖨 (Siddham script)
පඤ‍්ජර (Sinhalese script)
𑩰𑩥 𑪙𑩣𑩼 (Soyombo script)
𑚞𑚓𑚶𑚑𑚤 (Takri script)
பஞ்ஜர (Tamil script)
పఞ్జర (Telugu script)
ปญฺชร (Thai script)
པ་ཉྫ་ར (Tibetan script)
𑒣𑒘𑓂𑒖𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
𑨞𑨓𑩇𑨥𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Of uncertain origin.

Often taken to be from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to attach, fix, fasten”); however, Mayrhofer doesn't think the nasal found in पञ्जर can be explained in the same way as that found in supposed relatives like Latin pangō (“to fasten, fix, set”).

Turner, in light of the word's relatives in vernacular Indo-Aryan, assumes an older form *पृञ्जर (pṛñjara), from अनवपृग्ण (anavapṛgṇa, “not closely united, but spreading all around”), from अन- (ana-, “not, un-”) +‎ अव (ava, “away, down”) +‎ पृग्ण (pṛgṇa), the latter component from the root पृच् (pṛc, “to mix, fill, give lavishly”).

Probably related to Persian (panjare, “window”).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /pɐɲ.d͡ʑɐ.ɾɐ/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /pɐɲ.d͡ʑɐ.ɾɐ/

Noun

पञ्जर • (pañjara) stem, n

a cage, aviary, dove-cot, net
a skeleton, the ribs
name of particular prayers and formularies

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of पञ्जर
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	पञ्जरम् (pañjaram)	पञ्जरे (pañjare)	पञ्जराणि (pañjarāṇi) पञ्जरा¹ (pañjarā¹)
vocative	पञ्जर (pañjara)	पञ्जरे (pañjare)	पञ्जराणि (pañjarāṇi) पञ्जरा¹ (pañjarā¹)
accusative	पञ्जरम् (pañjaram)	पञ्जरे (pañjare)	पञ्जराणि (pañjarāṇi) पञ्जरा¹ (pañjarā¹)
instrumental	पञ्जरेण (pañjareṇa)	पञ्जराभ्याम् (pañjarābhyām)	पञ्जरैः (pañjaraiḥ) पञ्जरेभिः¹ (pañjarebhiḥ¹)
dative	पञ्जराय (pañjarāya)	पञ्जराभ्याम् (pañjarābhyām)	पञ्जरेभ्यः (pañjarebhyaḥ)
ablative	पञ्जरात् (pañjarāt)	पञ्जराभ्याम् (pañjarābhyām)	पञ्जरेभ्यः (pañjarebhyaḥ)
genitive	पञ्जरस्य (pañjarasya)	पञ्जरयोः (pañjarayoḥ)	पञ्जराणाम् (pañjarāṇām)
locative	पञ्जरे (pañjare)	पञ्जरयोः (pañjarayoḥ)	पञ्जरेषु (pañjareṣu)

¹Vedic

Noun

पञ्जर • (pañjara) stem, m

the body
the Kali Yuga
a purificatory ceremony performed on cows
(variant lecto पञ्जल) a kind of bulbous plant

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of पञ्जर
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	पञ्जरः (pañjaraḥ)	पञ्जरौ (pañjarau) पञ्जरा¹ (pañjarā¹)	पञ्जराः (pañjarāḥ) पञ्जरासः¹ (pañjarāsaḥ¹)
vocative	पञ्जर (pañjara)	पञ्जरौ (pañjarau) पञ्जरा¹ (pañjarā¹)	पञ्जराः (pañjarāḥ) पञ्जरासः¹ (pañjarāsaḥ¹)
accusative	पञ्जरम् (pañjaram)	पञ्जरौ (pañjarau) पञ्जरा¹ (pañjarā¹)	पञ्जरान् (pañjarān)
instrumental	पञ्जरेण (pañjareṇa)	पञ्जराभ्याम् (pañjarābhyām)	पञ्जरैः (pañjaraiḥ) पञ्जरेभिः¹ (pañjarebhiḥ¹)
dative	पञ्जराय (pañjarāya)	पञ्जराभ्याम् (pañjarābhyām)	पञ्जरेभ्यः (pañjarebhyaḥ)
ablative	पञ्जरात् (pañjarāt)	पञ्जराभ्याम् (pañjarābhyām)	पञ्जरेभ्यः (pañjarebhyaḥ)
genitive	पञ्जरस्य (pañjarasya)	पञ्जरयोः (pañjarayoḥ)	पञ्जराणाम् (pañjarāṇām)
locative	पञ्जरे (pañjare)	पञ्जरयोः (pañjarayoḥ)	पञ्जरेषु (pañjareṣu)

¹Vedic

Descendants

→ Sanskrit: पिञ्जर (piñjara), पिङ्गल (piṅgala)
- → Assamese: পিঁজৰা (pĩzora)
- → Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀺𑀁𑀚𑀭 (piṃjara)
- → Pali: piñjara
- → Bengali: পিঞ্জর (pinjor)
- → Hindustani:
  - Hindi: पिंजरा (piñjrā), पिंजड़ा (piñjṛā)
  - Urdu: پنجرہ (piñjarah)
- → Persian: پنجره (panjere)
  - → Azerbaijani: pəncərə
  - → Gagauz: pencerä
  - → Georgian: ფანჯარა (panǯara)
  - → Khalaj: pəncərə
  - → Middle Armenian: փանջարայ (pʻanǰaray), փանճարայ (pʻančaray)
    - Armenian: փանջարա (pʻanǰara)
  - → Ottoman Turkish: پنجره (pencere)
    - Turkish: pencere
    - → Abkhaz: аԥенџьыр (apendžər)
    - → Albanian: penxhere
    - → Crimean Tatar: pencere
    - → Macedonian: пенџер (pendžer), пенџере (pendžere)
    - → Serbo-Croatian: пенџер, pendžer
  - → Turkmen: penjire
→ Sanskrit: पिङ्गल (piṅgala)
- → Assamese: পিঙ্গল (piṅgol)
- → Bengali: পিঙ্গল (piṅgol)
- → Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀮! (piṃgala!)
  - → Marathi: पींगळा (pīṅgḷā)
- → Odia: ପିଙ୍ଗଳ (piṅgaḷa)
- → Sylheti: ꠙꠤꠋꠟꠣ (fiṅla)
- → Pali: piṅgala
Dardic:
- → Kashmiri:
  - → Arabic script: پَنزُر (pañzur)
  - → Devanagari script: पञ्ज़ुर (pañzur)
→ Pali: pañjara
→ Prakrit: 𑀧𑀁𑀚𑀭 (paṃjara)
- Central:
  - → Hindustani:
    - → Hindi: पाँजर (pā̃jar), पाँजरी (pā̃jrī)
    - → Urdu: پان٘جَر (pā̃jar), پان٘جَرِی (pā̃jrī)
- Eastern:
  - → Assamese: পাঁজৰ (pãzor)
  - → Bengali: পাঁজর (pãjor), পাঁজরা (pãjra)
  - → Bihari:
    - → Bhojpuri: पाजर (pājar)
    - → Maithili: पांजर (pāñjar), पांजरा (pāñjᵊrā)
  - → Odia: ପଞ୍ଜରା (pañjarā), ପଞ୍ଜୁରି (pañjuri), ପଞ୍ଜୁଡ଼ି (pañjuṛi)
- Northwestern:
  - → Sindhi:
    - → Arabic script: پَڃَرُ (pañaru)
    - → Devanagari script: पञरु (pañaru)
- Southern:
  - → Konkani:
    - Devanagari script: पांजरो (pāñjro)
    - Latin script: panjro
    - Kannada script: ಪಾಂಜ್ರೊಂ (pāñjro)
  - → Marathi: पांजरा (pāñjrā)
  - → Sinhalese: පඳුර (paⁿdura)
- Western:
  - → Old Gujarati: पांजरउं (pāṃjaraüṃ)
    - → Gujarati: પાંજરું (pā̃jrũ), પાંજરી (pā̃jrī)
→ Tamil: பஞ்சரம் (pañcaram)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “पञ्जर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 575, column 2.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 297
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 188