जङ्गल

See also: जाङ्गल

Hindi

Noun

जङ्गल • (jaṅgal) m (Urdu spelling جنگل)

tatsama spelling of जंगल

Declension

Declension of जङ्गल (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	जङ्गल jaṅgal	जङ्गल jaṅgal
oblique	जङ्गल jaṅgal	जङ्गलों jaṅgalõ
vocative	जङ्गल jaṅgal	जङ्गलो jaṅgalo

Nepali

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit जङ्गल (jaṅgala)^[1].

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [d͡zʌŋɡʌl]
Phonetic Devanagari: जङ्गल्

Noun

जङ्गल • (jaṅgal)

jungle, woods
Synonym: वन (van)

Declension

Declension of जङ्गल
	Singular	Plural
nominative	जङ्गल [d͡zʌŋɡʌl]	जङ्गलहरू [d͡zʌŋɡʌlɦʌɾu]
accusative	जङ्गललाई [d͡zʌŋɡʌlläi]	जङ्गलहरूलाई [d͡zʌŋɡʌlɦʌɾuläi]
instrumental/ergative	जङ्गलले [d͡zʌŋɡʌlle]	जङ्गलहरूले [d͡zʌŋɡʌlɦʌɾule]
dative	जङ्गललाई [d͡zʌŋɡʌlläi]	जङ्गलहरूलाई [d͡zʌŋɡʌlɦʌɾuläi]
ablative	जङ्गलबाट [d͡zʌŋɡʌlloʈʌ]	जङ्गलहरूबाट [d͡zʌŋɡʌlɦʌɾubäʈʌ]
genitive	जङ्गलको [d͡zʌŋɡʌlko]	जङ्गलहरूको [d͡zʌŋɡʌlɦʌɾuko]
locative	जङ्गलमा [d͡zʌŋɡʌlmä]	जङ्गलहरूमा [d͡zʌŋɡʌlɦʌɾumä]

Notes: -को (-ko) becomes: -का (-kā) when followed by a plural noun. -की (-kī) when followed by a feminine noun.

Derived terms

जङ्गली (jaṅgalī)

References

^ “जङ्गल”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎^[1], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

जाङ्गल (jāṅgala)

Alternative scripts

জঙ্গল (Assamese script)
ᬚᬗ᭄ᬕᬮ (Balinese script)
জঙ্গল (Bengali script)
𑰕𑰒𑰿𑰐𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀚𑀗𑁆𑀕𑀮 (Brahmi script)
ဇင်္ဂလ (Burmese script)
જઙ્ગલ (Gujarati script)
ਜਙ੍ਗਲ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌜𑌙𑍍𑌗𑌲 (Grantha script)
ꦗꦔ꧀ꦒꦭ (Javanese script)
𑂔𑂑𑂹𑂏𑂪 (Kaithi script)
ಜಙ್ಗಲ (Kannada script)
ជង្គល (Khmer script)
ຊງ຺ຄລ (Lao script)
ജങ്ഗല (Malayalam script)
ᡯᠠᢛᡤᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘕𑘒𑘿𑘐𑘩 (Modi script)
ᠽᠠᢊᠺᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦵𑦲𑧠𑦰𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
𑐖𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐮 (Newa script)
ଜଙ୍ଗଲ (Odia script)
ꢙꢖ꣄ꢔꢭ (Saurashtra script)
𑆘𑆕𑇀𑆓𑆬 (Sharada script)
𑖕𑖒𑖿𑖐𑖩 (Siddham script)
ජඞ‍්ගල (Sinhalese script)
𑩣𑩠 𑪙𑩞𑩽 (Soyombo script)
𑚑𑚎𑚶𑚌𑚥 (Takri script)
ஜங்க³ல (Tamil script)
జఙ్గల (Telugu script)
ชงฺคล (Thai script)
ཛ་ངྒ་ལ (Tibetan script)
𑒖𑒓𑓂𑒑𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
𑨥𑨏𑩇𑨍𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From a substrate, possibly Dravidian or Munda, origin. Compare Kannada ಜಂಗಲ್ (jaṅgaḷi, “mass, assemblage”) ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑɐŋ.ɡɐ.lɐ/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʑɐŋ.ɡɐ.l̪ɐ/

Adjective

जङ्गल • (jaṅgala)^[8]

arid, sterile, desert

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of जङ्गल (jaṅgala)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जङ्गलः jaṅgalaḥ	जङ्गलौ / जङ्गला¹ jaṅgalau / jaṅgalā¹	जङ्गलाः / जङ्गलासः¹ jaṅgalāḥ / jaṅgalāsaḥ¹
Vocative	जङ्गल jaṅgala	जङ्गलौ / जङ्गला¹ jaṅgalau / jaṅgalā¹	जङ्गलाः / जङ्गलासः¹ jaṅgalāḥ / jaṅgalāsaḥ¹
Accusative	जङ्गलम् jaṅgalam	जङ्गलौ / जङ्गला¹ jaṅgalau / jaṅgalā¹	जङ्गलान् jaṅgalān
Instrumental	जङ्गलेन jaṅgalena	जङ्गलाभ्याम् jaṅgalābhyām	जङ्गलैः / जङ्गलेभिः¹ jaṅgalaiḥ / jaṅgalebhiḥ¹
Dative	जङ्गलाय jaṅgalāya	जङ्गलाभ्याम् jaṅgalābhyām	जङ्गलेभ्यः jaṅgalebhyaḥ
Ablative	जङ्गलात् jaṅgalāt	जङ्गलाभ्याम् jaṅgalābhyām	जङ्गलेभ्यः jaṅgalebhyaḥ
Genitive	जङ्गलस्य jaṅgalasya	जङ्गलयोः jaṅgalayoḥ	जङ्गलानाम् jaṅgalānām
Locative	जङ्गले jaṅgale	जङ्गलयोः jaṅgalayoḥ	जङ्गलेषु jaṅgaleṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of जङ्गला (jaṅgalā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जङ्गला jaṅgalā	जङ्गले jaṅgale	जङ्गलाः jaṅgalāḥ
Vocative	जङ्गले jaṅgale	जङ्गले jaṅgale	जङ्गलाः jaṅgalāḥ
Accusative	जङ्गलाम् jaṅgalām	जङ्गले jaṅgale	जङ्गलाः jaṅgalāḥ
Instrumental	जङ्गलया / जङ्गला¹ jaṅgalayā / jaṅgalā¹	जङ्गलाभ्याम् jaṅgalābhyām	जङ्गलाभिः jaṅgalābhiḥ
Dative	जङ्गलायै jaṅgalāyai	जङ्गलाभ्याम् jaṅgalābhyām	जङ्गलाभ्यः jaṅgalābhyaḥ
Ablative	जङ्गलायाः / जङ्गलायै² jaṅgalāyāḥ / jaṅgalāyai²	जङ्गलाभ्याम् jaṅgalābhyām	जङ्गलाभ्यः jaṅgalābhyaḥ
Genitive	जङ्गलायाः / जङ्गलायै² jaṅgalāyāḥ / jaṅgalāyai²	जङ्गलयोः jaṅgalayoḥ	जङ्गलानाम् jaṅgalānām
Locative	जङ्गलायाम् jaṅgalāyām	जङ्गलयोः jaṅgalayoḥ	जङ्गलासु jaṅgalāsu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of जङ्गल (jaṅgala)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जङ्गलम् jaṅgalam	जङ्गले jaṅgale	जङ्गलानि / जङ्गला¹ jaṅgalāni / jaṅgalā¹
Vocative	जङ्गल jaṅgala	जङ्गले jaṅgale	जङ्गलानि / जङ्गला¹ jaṅgalāni / jaṅgalā¹
Accusative	जङ्गलम् jaṅgalam	जङ्गले jaṅgale	जङ्गलानि / जङ्गला¹ jaṅgalāni / jaṅgalā¹
Instrumental	जङ्गलेन jaṅgalena	जङ्गलाभ्याम् jaṅgalābhyām	जङ्गलैः / जङ्गलेभिः¹ jaṅgalaiḥ / jaṅgalebhiḥ¹
Dative	जङ्गलाय jaṅgalāya	जङ्गलाभ्याम् jaṅgalābhyām	जङ्गलेभ्यः jaṅgalebhyaḥ
Ablative	जङ्गलात् jaṅgalāt	जङ्गलाभ्याम् jaṅgalābhyām	जङ्गलेभ्यः jaṅgalebhyaḥ
Genitive	जङ्गलस्य jaṅgalasya	जङ्गलयोः jaṅgalayoḥ	जङ्गलानाम् jaṅgalānām
Locative	जङ्गले jaṅgale	जङ्गलयोः jaṅgalayoḥ	जङ्गलेषु jaṅgaleṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun

जङ्गल • (jaṅgala) stem, n

any arid or sterile region, desert (= जङ्गलपथ (jaṅgala-patha))
an area sparingly grown with trees and plants, a wild or savage area (see जाङ्गल (jāṅgal))
uncultivated, inhospitable area more or less covered by vegetation
meat
venom (= जङ्गुल (jaṅgula))

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of जङ्गल (jaṅgala)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जङ्गलम् jaṅgalam	जङ्गले jaṅgale	जङ्गलानि / जङ्गला¹ jaṅgalāni / jaṅgalā¹
Vocative	जङ्गल jaṅgala	जङ्गले jaṅgale	जङ्गलानि / जङ्गला¹ jaṅgalāni / jaṅgalā¹
Accusative	जङ्गलम् jaṅgalam	जङ्गले jaṅgale	जङ्गलानि / जङ्गला¹ jaṅgalāni / jaṅgalā¹
Instrumental	जङ्गलेन jaṅgalena	जङ्गलाभ्याम् jaṅgalābhyām	जङ्गलैः / जङ्गलेभिः¹ jaṅgalaiḥ / jaṅgalebhiḥ¹
Dative	जङ्गलाय jaṅgalāya	जङ्गलाभ्याम् jaṅgalābhyām	जङ्गलेभ्यः jaṅgalebhyaḥ
Ablative	जङ्गलात् jaṅgalāt	जङ्गलाभ्याम् jaṅgalābhyām	जङ्गलेभ्यः jaṅgalebhyaḥ
Genitive	जङ्गलस्य jaṅgalasya	जङ्गलयोः jaṅgalayoḥ	जङ्गलानाम् jaṅgalānām
Locative	जङ्गले jaṅgale	जङ्गलयोः jaṅgalayoḥ	जङ्गलेषु jaṅgaleṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Related terms

दीर्घजङ्गल (dīrghá-jaṅgala)
जाङ्गल (jāṅgala)

Descendants

Magadhi Prakrit:
- Assamese: জঙ্গল (zoṅgol)
- Bengali: জঙ্গল (joṅgol)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀁𑀕𑀮 (jaṃgala)
- Marathi: जंगल (jaṅgal)
Pali: jaṅgala
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀚𑀁𑀕𑀮 (jaṃgala)
- Gujarati: જંગલ (jaṅgal)
- Hindustani:
  Hindi: जंगल (jaṅgal)
  
  Urdu: جنگل (jaṅgal)
- Nepali: जङ्गल (jaṅgal)
→ Kannada: ಜಂಗಲು (jaṅgalu)
→ Malay: jenggala
→ Old Javanese: jaṅgala
→ Tamil: ஜங்கிள் (jaṅkiḷ)
→ Telugu: జంగిల్ (jaṅgil)
→ Esperanto: ĝangalo
→ Persian: جنگل (jangal) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Singh, K.S. “Ecology, Identity and Culture.” India International Centre Quarterly, 27/28, 2001, pp. 201–214. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23005712. Accessed 24 Apr. 2020.
^ The Mariner's Mirror. (1925). United Kingdom: Society for Nautical Research, p. 316
^ Kumaraswami Raja, N. (1969). Post-nasal Voiceless Plosives in Dravidian. India: Annamalai University, p. 56
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 205; 209
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[3] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 427
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “jāṅgala”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
^ Burrow, T. & Emeneau, M.B. (Oxford university Press, 1984) A Dravidian Etmyological Dictionary p 202
^ Monier Williams (1899) “जङ्गल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 408/3.

[1] “जङ्गल”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎^[1], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018

[2] Singh, K.S. “Ecology, Identity and Culture.” India International Centre Quarterly, 27/28, 2001, pp. 201–214. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23005712. Accessed 24 Apr. 2020.

[3] The Mariner's Mirror. (1925). United Kingdom: Society for Nautical Research, p. 316

[4] Kumaraswami Raja, N. (1969). Post-nasal Voiceless Plosives in Dravidian. India: Annamalai University, p. 56

[5] Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 205; 209

[6] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[3] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 427

[7] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “jāṅgala”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

[8] Burrow, T. & Emeneau, M.B. (Oxford university Press, 1984) A Dravidian Etmyological Dictionary p 202

[9] Monier Williams (1899) “जङ्गल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 408/3.

[1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

Hindi

Noun

Declension

Nepali

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

References

Further reading

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Declension

Noun

Declension

Related terms

Descendants

References