चिर
Sanskrit
[edit]Alternative scripts
[edit]- চিৰ (Assamese script)
- ᬘᬶᬭ (Balinese script)
- চির (Bengali script)
- 𑰓𑰰𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀘𑀺𑀭 (Brahmi script)
- စိရ (Burmese script)
- ચિર (Gujarati script)
- ਚਿਰ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌚𑌿𑌰 (Grantha script)
- ꦕꦶꦫ (Javanese script)
- 𑂒𑂱𑂩 (Kaithi script)
- ಚಿರ (Kannada script)
- ចិរ (Khmer script)
- ຈິຣ (Lao script)
- ചിര (Malayalam script)
- ᢜᡳᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘓𑘱𑘨 (Modi script)
- ᢋᠢᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦳𑧒𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐔𑐶𑐬 (Newa script)
- ଚିର (Odia script)
- ꢗꢶꢬ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆖𑆴𑆫 (Sharada script)
- 𑖓𑖰𑖨 (Siddham script)
- චිර (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩡𑩑𑩼 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚏𑚮𑚤 (Takri script)
- சிர (Tamil script)
- చిర (Telugu script)
- จิร (Thai script)
- ཙི་ར (Tibetan script)
- 𑒔𑒱𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨣𑨁𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
[edit]Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-Aryan *ćirás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čirás, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷih₁-l-ós, from *kʷyeh₁- (“rest, peace”).
However, Mayrhofer is skeptical of this derivation, as the expected Sanskrit form should be *चीर (cīra) with a long vowel, in addition to the supposed Iranian cognates (such as Persian شاد (šâd, “glad, happy”)) lacking connotations of "a large degree (of time)" (Old Armenian շատ (šat, “very”), an Iranian borrowing, developed similar connotations independently).
He instead prefers to derive the word from the root चि (ci, “to collect, pile up”), interpreting the meaning as a metaphorical "piling up of time", as चि (ci)'s presence in Sanskrit is confirmed and the semantic extension is fairly straightforward.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]चिर • (cirá) stem
Declension
[edit]Masculine a-stem declension of चिर (cira) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | चिरः ciraḥ |
चिरौ / चिरा¹ cirau / cirā¹ |
चिराः / चिरासः¹ cirāḥ / cirāsaḥ¹ |
Vocative | चिर cira |
चिरौ / चिरा¹ cirau / cirā¹ |
चिराः / चिरासः¹ cirāḥ / cirāsaḥ¹ |
Accusative | चिरम् ciram |
चिरौ / चिरा¹ cirau / cirā¹ |
चिरान् cirān |
Instrumental | चिरेण cireṇa |
चिराभ्याम् cirābhyām |
चिरैः / चिरेभिः¹ ciraiḥ / cirebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | चिराय cirāya |
चिराभ्याम् cirābhyām |
चिरेभ्यः cirebhyaḥ |
Ablative | चिरात् cirāt |
चिराभ्याम् cirābhyām |
चिरेभ्यः cirebhyaḥ |
Genitive | चिरस्य cirasya |
चिरयोः cirayoḥ |
चिराणाम् cirāṇām |
Locative | चिरे cire |
चिरयोः cirayoḥ |
चिरेषु cireṣu |
Notes |
|
Feminine ā-stem declension of चिरा (cirā) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | चिरा cirā |
चिरे cire |
चिराः cirāḥ |
Vocative | चिरे cire |
चिरे cire |
चिराः cirāḥ |
Accusative | चिराम् cirām |
चिरे cire |
चिराः cirāḥ |
Instrumental | चिरया / चिरा¹ cirayā / cirā¹ |
चिराभ्याम् cirābhyām |
चिराभिः cirābhiḥ |
Dative | चिरायै cirāyai |
चिराभ्याम् cirābhyām |
चिराभ्यः cirābhyaḥ |
Ablative | चिरायाः / चिरायै² cirāyāḥ / cirāyai² |
चिराभ्याम् cirābhyām |
चिराभ्यः cirābhyaḥ |
Genitive | चिरायाः / चिरायै² cirāyāḥ / cirāyai² |
चिरयोः cirayoḥ |
चिराणाम् cirāṇām |
Locative | चिरायाम् cirāyām |
चिरयोः cirayoḥ |
चिरासु cirāsu |
Notes |
|
Neuter a-stem declension of चिर (cira) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | चिरम् ciram |
चिरे cire |
चिराणि / चिरा¹ cirāṇi / cirā¹ |
Vocative | चिर cira |
चिरे cire |
चिराणि / चिरा¹ cirāṇi / cirā¹ |
Accusative | चिरम् ciram |
चिरे cire |
चिराणि / चिरा¹ cirāṇi / cirā¹ |
Instrumental | चिरेण cireṇa |
चिराभ्याम् cirābhyām |
चिरैः / चिरेभिः¹ ciraiḥ / cirebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | चिराय cirāya |
चिराभ्याम् cirābhyām |
चिरेभ्यः cirebhyaḥ |
Ablative | चिरात् cirāt |
चिराभ्याम् cirābhyām |
चिरेभ्यः cirebhyaḥ |
Genitive | चिरस्य cirasya |
चिरयोः cirayoḥ |
चिराणाम् cirāṇām |
Locative | चिरे cire |
चिरयोः cirayoḥ |
चिरेषु cireṣu |
Notes |
|
Related terms
[edit]- चिरन्तन (cirantana)
Noun
[edit]चिर • (cira) stem, n
Declension
[edit]Neuter a-stem declension of चिर (cira) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | चिरम् ciram |
चिरे cire |
चिराणि / चिरा¹ cirāṇi / cirā¹ |
Vocative | चिर cira |
चिरे cire |
चिराणि / चिरा¹ cirāṇi / cirā¹ |
Accusative | चिरम् ciram |
चिरे cire |
चिराणि / चिरा¹ cirāṇi / cirā¹ |
Instrumental | चिरेण cireṇa |
चिराभ्याम् cirābhyām |
चिरैः / चिरेभिः¹ ciraiḥ / cirebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | चिराय cirāya |
चिराभ्याम् cirābhyām |
चिरेभ्यः cirebhyaḥ |
Ablative | चिरात् cirāt |
चिराभ्याम् cirābhyām |
चिरेभ्यः cirebhyaḥ |
Genitive | चिरस्य cirasya |
चिरयोः cirayoḥ |
चिराणाम् cirāṇām |
Locative | चिरे cire |
चिरयोः cirayoḥ |
चिरेषु cireṣu |
Notes |
|
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Monier Williams (1899) “चिर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 398/2-3.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 544
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 390
- Sanskrit terms inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit terms inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Sanskrit terms with IPA pronunciation
- Sanskrit lemmas
- Sanskrit adjectives
- Sanskrit adjectives in Devanagari script
- Sanskrit a-stem adjectives
- Sanskrit nouns
- Sanskrit nouns in Devanagari script
- Sanskrit neuter nouns
- Sanskrit a-stem nouns