ܗܘܐ

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

Etymology 1

Root
ܗ ܘ ܐ (h w ˀ)
8 terms

From Aramaic הֲוָא (hăwā), from Proto-Semitic *haway- (“to be, to become”); related to Hebrew הָיָה (hayá), Arabic هَوَى (hawā, “to be wide, to die, to fall, to pounce over prey, to blow”), Akkadian 𒋾 (/⁠ewû⁠/, “to turn, to become”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard) IPA^(key): [hɑːweː]

Verb

ܗܵܘܹܐ • (hāwē)

1. to be, exist: often connects a noun to a prepositional phrase or adjective describing it
   • Genesis 1:3:

     ܘܐ݇ܡܝܼܪ ܠܹܗ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ: «ܗܵܘܹܐ ܒܲܗܪܵܐ، ܘܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܒܲܗܪܵܐ».

     w-mīr lēh allāhā: “hāwē bahrā, w-wē lēh bahrā”.

     And God said: “Let there be light. And there was light.”

   ܒܲܝܬܵܐ ܣܡܘܿܩܵܐ ܝܗ݇ܘܵܐ ― baytā smōqā ìwā ― The house was red.

   ܪܲܕܵܝܬܵܐ ܚܕܲܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ― raddāytā ḥdattā ìlāh ― The car is new.

   ܐܸܕܝܘܿܡ ܝܼܘܲܚ ܘܨܲܦܪܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܝܘܲܚ! ― Today we exist and tomorrow we don’t exist!

2. to happen, take place, occur

   Synonyms: ܡܩܲܘܸܡ (mqawwim), ܒܵܪܹܐ (bārē)

   ܐܵܗܵܐ ܒܸܬ ܗܵܘܹܐ ܠܲܐܟ݂ܵܐ ܩܘܼܕܡܹܐ ― āhā bit hāwē laˀḵā qudmē ― This will happen here tomorrow.

   ܐܵܗܵܐ ܗܲܡܵܫܵܐ ܟܹܐ ܗܵܘܹܐ ― āhā hammāšā kē hāwē ― This always happens.

   ܗܸܫ ܗ݇ܘܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ― hiš wāyā ìlēh ― It is still going on.

3. to become, come to

   Synonym: ܦܵܐܹܫ (pāˀēš)

   ܚܙܝܼ ܕܵܐܟ݂ܝܼ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܗܘܝܼܬ݂ܵܐ ܐܲܝܟܲܢܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ! ― ḥzī dāḵī ìlāh hwīṯā aykannāyūṯā! ― Look how the situation has become!

   ܟܹܐ ܣܵܢܹܝܢ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܠܗܵܕ݂ܹܐ ܡܹܐܟ݂ܘܼܠܬܵܐ، ܒܵܣ ܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܝܼ ܕܡܲܚܒܸܢ ܠܵܗ̇. ― kē sānēn wā l-hāḏē mēḵultā, bās wē lī d-maḥbin lāh. ― I used to hate this food, but I've come to like it

4. to be born

   Synonym: ܦܵܝܹܫ ܝܠܝܼܕܵܐ (pāyēš līdā)

5. with ܠ- (l-) to have; see usage notes below

   ܒܸܬ ܗܵܘܹܐ ܠܝܼ ܝܲܬܝܼܪ ܥܸܣܪܵܐ ܕܹܝܢܵܪܹ̈ܐ ― bit hāwē lī yatīr ˁisrā dēnārē ― I will have ten more denarii.

   ܒܸܬ ܗܵܘܹܐ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܠܝܼ ܝܲܬܝܼܪ ܥܸܣܪܵܐ ܕܹܝܢܵܪܹ̈ܐ ― bit hāwē wā lī yatīr ˁisrā dēnārē ― I would have ten more denarii.

   ܐܸܢ ܗܵܘܹܐ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܠܝܼ ܓܘܼܠܦܵܢܹ̈ܐ، ܒܸܬ ܦܵܪܚܹܢ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ. ― in hāwē wā lī gulpānē, bit pārḥēn wā. ― If I had wings, I would fly.

6. with ܠܹܗ ܠ- (lēh l-) to acquire, obtain

   Synonym: ܐܵܬ݂ܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܠ- (āṯē lēh l-)

   1. to have a child born to oneself
7. with ܒ- (b-) to be able to [in general]; see usage notes below

   with ܒ- (b-) and ܥܲܠ (ˁal) to be able to best, contest, take on

   ܠܵܐ ܟܹܐ ܗܵܘܹܐ ܒܝܼ ܥܲܠܘܼܗܝ ― lā kē hāwē bī ˁalūh ― I will not be able to take him on. (literally, “There will not be in me against him.”)

8. (with ܠܹܗ ܒ- (lēh b-)) To be [in a definite moment] able to; see usage notes below

   ܠܵܐ ܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܒܝܼ ܕܐܵܙܹܠ݇ܢ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܠܫܘܼܩܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܝܼܬ݂ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܠܝܼ ܫܘܼܓ݂ܠܵܐ ܠܸܥܒ݂ܵܕ݂ܵܐ ― lā wē lēh wā bī d-āzēn wā lšūqā min d-īṯ wā lī šuḡlā liˁḇāḏā ― I was [at that moment] unable to go to the store because I had work to do.

   ܒܸܬ ܗܵܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܒܘܼܟ݂ ܕܐܵܡܪܹܬ ܠܹܗ؟ ― bit hāwē lēh būḵ d-āmrēt lēh? ― Will you [at that moment] be able to tell him?

Usage notes

• This word is sometimes written as “ܗ̇ܘܐ” in unvocalized texts in order to distinguish itself from “ܗ݇ܘܵܐ (wā)”.
• (to be, to be born): Some dialects split this verb in two, pronouncing the He (/h/) when used in the meaning of to be born but otherwise not.
• (to be able to & to have): This term fills in the tenses where the adverb ܐܝܼܬ݂ (īṯ) cannot to express possession. Therefore not used in the present and past tenses.
• (to be [in a definite moment] able to): This form with ܠܹܗ (lēh) indicates ability to do something in a particular or definite moment, while the form without ܠܹܗ (lēh) indicates the ability to do something in general.

Conjugation

Conjugation of ܗܵܘܹܐ

gerund	ܗܘܵܝܵܐ (hwāyā)
verbal noun	ܗܘܵܝܵܐ (hwāyā)
		singular				plural
passive participle	m	ܗܸܘܝܵܐ (hiwyā)				ܗܸ̈ܘܝܹܐ (hiwyē)
	f	ܗܘܝܼܬ݂ܵܐ (hwīṯā)
instance noun		ܗܘܵܝܬܵܐ (hwāytā)				ܗ̈ܘܵܝܵܬ݂ܵܐ (hwāyāṯā)
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	ܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܝܼ (wē lī)	ܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܘܼܟ݂ (wē lūḵ)	ܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ (wē lēh)	ܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܲܢ (wē lan)	ܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܵܘܟ݂ܘܿܢ (wē lāwḵōn)	ܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܗܘܿܢ (wē lhōn)
	f		ܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܵܟ݂ܝ (wē lāḵ)	ܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ (wē lāh)
present	m	ܝܼܘܸܢ (īwen)	ܝܼܘܸܬ (īwet)	ܝܼܠܹܗ (īlēh)	ܝܼܘܲܚ (īwaḥ)	ܝܼܬܘܿܢ (ītōn)	ܝܼܢܵܐ (īnā)
	f	ܝܼܘܵܢ (īwān)	ܝܼܘܵܬܝ (īwāt)	ܝܼܠܵܗ̇ (īlāh)
copular	m	ܝܘܸܢ (ìwen)	ܝܘܸܬ (ìwet)	ܝܠܹܗ (ìlēh)	ܝܘܲܚ (ìwaḥ)	ܝܬܘܿܢ (ìtōn)	ܝܢܵܐ (ìnā)
	f	ܝܘܵܢ (ìwān)	ܝܘܵܬܝ (ìwāt)	ܝܠܵܗ̇ (ìlāh)
future	m	ܗܵܘܹܝܢ (hāwēn)	ܗܵܘܹܝܬ (hāwēt)	ܗܵܘܹܐ (hāwē)	ܗܵܘܲܚ (hāwaḥ)	ܗܵܘܹܝܬܘܿܢ (hāwētōn)	ܗܵܘܝܼ (hāwī)
	f	ܗܵܘܝܵܢ (hāwyān)	ܗܵܘܝܵܬܝ (hāwyāt)	ܗܵܘܝܵܐ (hāwyā)
imperative	m		ܗ݇ܘܝܼ (wī)			ܗ݇ܘܹܝܡܘܼܢ (wēmūn)
	f		ܗ݇ܘܹܐ (wē)

Manually conjugated using {{Template:aii-conj/ܗܘܐ}}

Etymology 2

Derived from Aramaic הֲוָא (hăwā, literally “he/it was”); related to the above and one of the only traces left of the imperfect tense in the language.

Pronunciation

• (Standard) IPA^(key): [wɑː]

Particle

ܗ݇ܘܵܐ • (wā)

1. a verbal prefix placed after the definite or indefinite present
   1. (auxiliary, used with the continuous present tense) Used to express imperfect continuous past tense

      ܒܸܟܬ݂ܵܒ݂ܵܐ ܝܘܸܢ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ― bikṯāḇā ìwen wā ― I was writing.

   2. (auxiliary, used with ܟܹܐ (kē)) Used to express imperfect simple past tense

      ܟܹܐ ܟܵܬ݂ܒ݂ܹܢ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ― kē kāṯḇēn wā ― I used to write.

   3. (auxiliary, used with the simple past tense) Used to express anterior past tense

      ܟܬ݂ܝܼܒ݂ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܠܝܼ ― kṯīḇ wā lī ― I had written.

   4. (auxiliary, used with ܒܸܬ (bit)) Used to express conditional mood

      ܒܸܬ ܟܵܬ݂ܒ݂ܹܢ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ― bit kāṯḇēn wā ― I would write.

      ܒܸܬ ܗܵܘܹܝܢ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܟܬ݂ܝܼܒ݂ܵܐ ― bit hāwēn wā kṯīḇā ― I would have written.

Usage notes

• This word is often written as “ܗ̤ܘܐ” in unvocalized texts in order to distinguish itself from “ܗܵܘܹܐ (hāwē)”.
• This is the singular form; the plural form is ܗ݇ܘܵܘ (wā) but not used by all dialects.

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Arabic هَوَاء (hawāʔ).

Pronunciation

• (Standard) IPA^(key): [hɑːwɑː]

Noun

ܗܵܘܵܐ • (hāwā) m (uncountable)

1. air

   Synonym: ܐܵܐܲܪ (āˀar)

2. weather

   Synonym: ܡܘܼܙܵܓ݂ܵܐ (muzzāḡā)

Inflection

Inflection of ܗܵܘܵܐ

number	isolated forms			with possessive pronouns
	state	form		person	singular		plural
					m	f
singular	absolute	–		1st person			ܗܵܘܲܢ (hāwan)
	construct	ܗܵܘ (hāw)		2nd person	ܗܵܘܘܼܟ݂ (hāwūḵ)	ܗܵܘܵܟ݂ܝ (hāwāḵ)	ܗܵܘܵܘܟ݂ܘܿܢ (hāwāwḵōn)
	emphatic	ܗܵܘܵܐ (hāwā)		3rd person	ܗܵܘܹܗ (hāwēh)	ܗܵܘܵܗ̇ (hāwāh)	ܗܵܘܗܘܿܢ (hāwhōn)

Derived terms

• ܗܵܘܵܝܵܐ (hāwāyā, “aerial”)

Turoyo

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /hawo/

Pronoun

ܗܰܘܐ • (hawo) m (feminine ܗܰܝܐ (hayo), plural ܗܰܢܷܟ (hanëk))

1. that

   Synonym: (enclitic form) ـܰܘܐ (awo)

Related terms

• ܗܰܢܳܐ (hano, “this”)