عود

See also: ع و د and عوذ

Arabic

Etymology 1

Root
ع و د (ʕ w d)
16 terms

From عَادَ (ʕāda, “to return, to turn back”) in the sense of a branch or other slender piece of wood being flexible.

The sense “oud, lute” can be understood as a Middle Persian [script needed] (lwt' /⁠rōd⁠/, “string; stringed instrument; barbat”) (> Persian رود (rud)), compare like liquid rebracketing in عَسْكَر (ʕaskar) and أَنْجَر (ʔanjar).

The instrument sense of the word then stands as an Arabic version of the Persian بربط (barbat), that featured a smaller more curved neck with greater tension, as well as a larger rounded belly created from steam-bent strips of wood. The Barbat was carved from one solid piece of wood, the larger size of the oud's belly was something not previously possible before the further development of using hot moisture to aid in bending thin strips. This characteristic technique became the traditional source of the instruments name; for more see Oud and Barbat.

However there is a cognate instrument Ugaritic 𐎓𐎄 (ʿd, “lute, an instrument”) 1000's of years prior to this, identified as an early chordophone with connection to the Sumerian 𒄑𒅗𒌣 (^GEŠgu₃.de₂, “instruments in general, a lute”, literally “wood that has voice”) This precursor to ouds and guitars was constructed of strings laid on a wood-staff that ran through the whole body of the instrument attached to a simple drum-like resonating body; as strings of lyres and drums were used prior, the distinguishing feature was this wooden rod.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʕuːd/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

عُود • (ʕūd) m (plural أَعْوَاد (ʔaʕwād) or عِيدَان (ʕīdān))

1. wood, timber
2. stick, rod, pole
3. branch, twig
4. stem, stalk
5. cane, reed
6. aloe, agarwood, any plant with high moisture content
   • a. 1283, Abū Yahyā Zakariyāʾ ibn Muhammad al-Qazwīnīy, edited by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, عجائب المخلوقات وغرائب الموجودات [ʿajāʾib al-maḵlūqāt wa-ḡarāʾib al-mawjūdāt]‎^[3], Göttingen: Verlag der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, published 1849, page 260:

     عود شجرة تنبت في جزائر بحر الهند عروقها تقلع وتدفن في الأرض حتى تتعفن منها الحشية فيبقى العود الخالص قال شيخ الرئيس مضعة يطيب النكهة وينفع الدماغ جدَّا ويقوّي الحواسّ والقلب ويفرحه وتدخينه بالسكر طيب جدَّا والسكر يقوّي رائحته وشراب العود طارد للرياح المؤلمة.

     Agalloch is a tree that grows in islands of the Indian sea and its roots are extracted and buried in the earth until they rot, of it one makes a stuffing and it stays pure, Šayḵ ar-Raʾīs says that a bit of it already is of nice smell and assists the brain in a serious extent and strengthens the senses and the heart and rejoices it and when smoked with sugar it is also very nice, sugar strengthens its smell and the syrup of agalloch expectorates doloriferous winds.

7. thin strip of wood, veneer
8. (music) oud, lute
9. body, build, physique
10. strength, specifically tensile strength, force, intensity

Declension

Declension of noun عُود (ʕūd)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	عُود ʕūd	الْعُود al-ʕūd	عُود ʕūd
Nominative	عُودٌ ʕūdun	الْعُودُ al-ʕūdu	عُودُ ʕūdu
Accusative	عُودًا ʕūdan	الْعُودَ al-ʕūda	عُودَ ʕūda
Genitive	عُودٍ ʕūdin	الْعُودِ al-ʕūdi	عُودِ ʕūdi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	عُودَيْن ʕūdayn	الْعُودَيْن al-ʕūdayn	عُودَيْ ʕūday
Nominative	عُودَانِ ʕūdāni	الْعُودَانِ al-ʕūdāni	عُودَا ʕūdā
Accusative	عُودَيْنِ ʕūdayni	الْعُودَيْنِ al-ʕūdayni	عُودَيْ ʕūday
Genitive	عُودَيْنِ ʕūdayni	الْعُودَيْنِ al-ʕūdayni	عُودَيْ ʕūday
Plural	basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	أَعْوَاد‎; عِيدَان ʔaʕwād‎; ʕīdān	الْأَعْوَاد‎; الْعِيدَان al-ʔaʕwād‎; al-ʕīdān	أَعْوَاد‎; عِيدَان ʔaʕwād‎; ʕīdān
Nominative	أَعْوَادٌ‎; عِيدَانٌ ʔaʕwādun‎; ʕīdānun	الْأَعْوَادُ‎; الْعِيدَانُ al-ʔaʕwādu‎; al-ʕīdānu	أَعْوَادُ‎; عِيدَانُ ʔaʕwādu‎; ʕīdānu
Accusative	أَعْوَادًا‎; عِيدَانًا ʔaʕwādan‎; ʕīdānan	الْأَعْوَادَ‎; الْعِيدَانَ al-ʔaʕwāda‎; al-ʕīdāna	أَعْوَادَ‎; عِيدَانَ ʔaʕwāda‎; ʕīdāna
Genitive	أَعْوَادٍ‎; عِيدَانٍ ʔaʕwādin‎; ʕīdānin	الْأَعْوَادِ‎; الْعِيدَانِ al-ʔaʕwādi‎; al-ʕīdāni	أَعْوَادِ‎; عِيدَانِ ʔaʕwādi‎; ʕīdāni

Descendants

• Maltese: għuda
• → Azerbaijani: ud
• → English: oud
• → Ottoman Turkish: عود (ʿūd)

  > Turkish: ud, ut (inherited)

• → Persian: عود ('ud)
• → Old Occitan: laüt
  • Occitan: laüt
• → Portuguese: alaúde
• → Spanish: laúd
• → Swahili: udi
• → Uyghur: ئۇد (ud)
• → Uzbek: ud

Etymology 2

Verbal noun of عَادَ (ʕāda, “to return”), from the root ع و د (ʕ-w-d).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʕawd/

Noun

عَوْد • (ʕawd) m

1. verbal noun of عَادَ (ʕāda) (form I)
2. return
3. reversion, recurrence
4. (law) recidivism
5. repetition, reiteration
   • a. 1274, Ibn Malik, Alfiyyah, verses 559–560:

     وَعَوْدُ خَافِضٍ لَدَى عَطْفٍ عَلَى / ضَمِيرِ خَفْضٍ لَازِمًا قَدْ جُعِلَا / وَلَيْسَ عِنْدِي لَازِمًا إِذْ قَدْ أَتَى / فِي ٱلنَّظْمِ وَٱلنَّثْرِ الصَّحِيحِ مُثْبَتَا

     waʕawdu ḵāfiḍin ladā ʕaṭfin ʕalā / ḍamīri ḵafḍin lāziman qad juʕilā / walaysa ʕindī lāziman ʔiḏ qad ʔatā / fī n-naẓmi wan-naṯri ṣ-ṣaḥīḥi muṯbatā

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

6. camel trained to be ridden
   • p. 700, a forger of Imruʾ al-Qays, سما لكَ شوقٌ بعدما كان أقصر ^{[4] [5]}:

     وَإِنِّي زَعِيمٌ (var. أَذِينٌ) إِنْ رَجِعْتُ مُمَلَّكٌ / بِسَيْرٍ تَرَى مِنْهُ الفُرَانِقَ أَزْوَرَا
     عَلَى لَاحِبٍ لَا يَهْتَدِي بِمَنَارِهِ / إِذَا سَافَهُ الْعَوْدُ النُّبَاطِيُّ (var. دِيَافِيُّ) جَرْجَرَا
     عَلَى كُلِّ مَقْصُوصِ الذُنَابَى مُعَاوِدٍ / بَرِيدَ السَرَى بِاللَيْلِ مِن خَيْلِ بَرْبَرَا

     wa-ʔinnī zaʕīmun (var. ʔaḏīnun) ʔin rajiʕtu mumallakun / bi-sayrin tarā minhu l-furāniqa ʔazwarā
     ʕalā lāḥibin lā yahtadī bi-manāri-hī / ʔiḏā sāfa-hū l-ʕawdu n-nubāṭiyyu (var. diyāfiyyu) jarjarā
     ʕalā kulli maqṣūṣi ḏ-ḏunābā muʕāwidin / barīda s-sarā bi-l-layli min ḵayli barbarā

     And when I am the leader, back in the kingly rights, I trip so fast that you but see asquint the courier
     on an open road guided by no waymark, when it is smelled by the Nabataean camel dragging forward
     on every clipped bird-tail returning nocturnal journey’s mail by night from a horse that whinnied.

7. worn road

Declension

Declension of noun عَوْد (ʕawd)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	عَوْد ʕawd	الْعَوْد al-ʕawd	عَوْد ʕawd
Nominative	عَوْدٌ ʕawdun	الْعَوْدُ al-ʕawdu	عَوْدُ ʕawdu
Accusative	عَوْدًا ʕawdan	الْعَوْدَ al-ʕawda	عَوْدَ ʕawda
Genitive	عَوْدٍ ʕawdin	الْعَوْدِ al-ʕawdi	عَوْدِ ʕawdi

Gulf Arabic

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• (Kuwait) IPA^(key): /ʕoːd/

Adjective

عود • (ʿōd)

1. big, large

   Synonym: كبير (kbīr)

Noun

عود • (ʿōd) m

1. (Kuwait, colloquial) (with الـ (il-)) Emir of Kuwait

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• (Kuwait) IPA^(key): /ʕuːd/

Noun

عود • (ʿūd) m (plural اَعْواد (aʿwād) or عيدان (ʿīdān))

1. drinking straw
2. oud, lute
3. incense

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• (Kuwait) IPA^(key): /ʕəwːəd/

Verb

عَوَّد • (ʿawwad) (non-past يعود (iʿawwid))

1. to make someone get used to something or someone

   عودنا عليك

   (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Hijazi Arabic

Root
ع و د
2 terms

عود

عود

Etymology

From Arabic عُود (ʕūd).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʕuːd/

Noun

عود • (ʕūd) m (plural أعواد (ʔaʕwād) or عيدان (ʕīdān))

1. stick, rod, pole
2. branch, twig
3. stem, stalk
4. cane, reed
5. agarwood, aloe, any plant with high moisture content
6. thin strip of wood, veneer
7. (music) oud, lute

Moroccan Arabic

Etymology 1

From Arabic عُود (ʕūd).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʕuːd/

Noun

عود • (ʕūd) m (plural عواد (ʕwād))

1. wood, timber
2. stick
3. branch, twig
4. (music) oud, lute

Etymology 2

From Arabic عَوْد (ʕawd, “camel trained to be ridden”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʕawd/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

عود • (ʕawd) m (plural عودان (ʕawdān), feminine عودة (ʕawda))

1. horse

   Synonyms: حصان (ḥiṣān, ḥṣān), خيل (ḵīl, ḵayl)

Ottoman Turkish

Alternative forms

• اود (öd)

Etymology

From Arabic عُود (ʕūd).

Noun

عود • (ʼud, öd)

1. wood, piece of wood or timber; stick, wand, etc.
2. aloeswood, agarwood, agalloch
3. oud, lute

Derived terms

• عود آغاجی (öd ağacı)

Further reading

• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “عود”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[6], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1327

Persian

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ʔuːð]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔuːd̪]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔuːd̪]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ʔuːd̪]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ʔud̪̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔuːd̪̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔud̪]

Readings
Classical reading?	ūḏ
Dari reading?	ūd
Iranian reading?	ud
Tajik reading?	ud

• Rhymes: -uːd

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic عُود (ʕūd, “aromatic wood”).

Noun

عود • ('ud)

1. incense

Descendants

• → Gujarati: ઊદ (ūda)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic عُود (ʕūd, “wood; lute”).

Noun

عود • ('ud) (plural عودها ('ud-hâ))

1. (music) oud, lute, barbat

   Synonyms: بربط (barbat), لوت (lut)

South Levantine Arabic

Root
ع و د
7 terms

Etymology 1

From Arabic عَوَّدَ (ʕawwada).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʕaw.wad/, [ˈʕaw.wad]

• Audio (al-Lidd):

  (file)

Verb

عوّد • (ʕawwad) II (present بعوّد (biʕawwed))

1. (transitive) to accustom

Conjugation

Conjugation of عوّد (ʕawwad)
		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	عوّدت (ʕawwadt)	عوّدت (ʕawwadt)	عوّد (ʕawwad)		عوّدنا (ʕawwadna)	عوّدتو (ʕawwadtu)	عوّدو (ʕawwadu)
	f		عوّدتي (ʕawwadti)	عوّدت (ʕawwadat)
present	m	بعوّد (baʕawwed)	بتعوّد (bitʕawwed)	بعوّد (biʕawwed)		منعوّد (minʕawwed)	بتعوّدو (bitʕawwdu)	بعوّدو (biʕawwdu)
	f		بتعوّدي (bitʕawwdi)	بتعوّد (bitʕawwed)
subjunctive	m	اعوّد (aʕawwed)	تعوّد (tʕawwed)	يعوّد (yʕawwed)		نعوّد (nʕawwed)	تعوّدو (tʕawwdu)	يعوّدو (yʕawwdu)
	f		تعوّدي (tʕawwdi)	تعوّد (tʕawwed)
imperative	m		عوّد (ʕawwed)				عوّدو (ʕawwdu)
	f		عوّدي (ʕawwdi)

Etymology 2

From Arabic عُود (ʕūd).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʕuːd/, [ʕuːd]

• Audio (Ramallah):

  (file)

Noun

عود • (ʕūd) m (plural عيدان (ʕīdān))

1. branch, piece of wood

See also

• عودة (ʕūde, “stick, twig”)

Noun

عود • (ʕūd) m (plural أعواد (ʔaʕwād))

1. oud, lute