ցրեմ
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Old Armenian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Several difficult Indo-European etymologies have been proposed.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Ačaṙean prefers Petersson's connection with Sanskrit छुरयति (churayati, “to strew or sprinkle with”, causative) as the only cognate, supposedly from a substantive *छुर- (chura-) from Proto-Indo-European *sḱr̥ro-, with Old Armenian ցիր (cʻir, “strewn, scattered, dispersed”) being from Proto-Indo-European *sḱēro-,[11][12][13] however this explanation for the Indic word is not accepted nowadays.[14][15]
Ačaṙean noticed the similarity with the Georgian descendants listed at Proto-Georgian-Zan *car- ~ *cr- (“to sift”), some of which mean "to scatter", and tentatively derived those from Armenian. As it is known now that the Georgian terms are native, the opposite is probably true: ցրեմ (cʻrem) is a Georgian-Zan borrowing from the mentioned root. The synonymous ցրուեմ (cʻruem), which is usually explained as based on the difficult-to-explain derivative ցր-իւ (cʻr-iw), may preserve the -ვ/უ- (-v/u-) of the Georgian-Zan verbal noun, like կռուիմ (kṙuim), and ցրիւ (cʻriw) may have been back-formed from it like կռիւ (kṙiw).
Verb
[edit]ցրեմ • (cʻrem)
- (transitive) to scatter, disperse
- 5th century, Agatʻangełos, Patmutʻiwn Hayocʻ [History of the Armenians] 585:[16][17]
- Իսկ աշտարակն յուզեաց զսրտմտութիւն բարկութեան Արարչին՝ ցրել զնոսա և խառնակել զլեզուս նոցա։
- Isk aštarakn yuzeacʻ zsrtmtutʻiwn barkutʻean Ararčʻin, cʻrel znosa ew xaṙnakel zlezus nocʻa.
- Translation by Robert W. Thomson
- The tower stirred the wrath of the anger of the Creator to scatter them and confuse their tongues.
- Իսկ աշտարակն յուզեաց զսրտմտութիւն բարկութեան Արարչին՝ ցրել զնոսա և խառնակել զլեզուս նոցա։
- (transitive) to disintegrate, break, destroy
- 5th century, Bible, Genesis 17.14:[18]
- Արուն անթլփատ՝ որ ո՛չ թլփատեսցէ զմարմին անթլփատութեան իւրոյ յաւուր ութերորդի, սատակեսցի՛ անձնն այն յազգէ իւրմէ. զի ցրեա՛ց զուխտ իմ։
- Arun antʻlpʻat, or óčʻ tʻlpʻatescʻē zmarmin antʻlpʻatutʻean iwroy yawur utʻerordi, satakescʻí anjnn ayn yazgē iwrmē. zi cʻreácʻ zuxt im.
- Translation by King James Bible
- And the uncircumcised man child whose flesh of his foreskin is not circumcised, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken my covenant.
- Արուն անթլփատ՝ որ ո՛չ թլփատեսցէ զմարմին անթլփատութեան իւրոյ յաւուր ութերորդի, սատակեսցի՛ անձնն այն յազգէ իւրմէ. զի ցրեա՛ց զուխտ իմ։
Conjugation
[edit]active
| infinitive | ցրել (cʻrel) | participle | ցրեցեալ, ցրեալ (cʻrecʻeal, cʻreal) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| causative | — | aorist stem | ցրեց- (cʻrecʻ-) | ||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | ես | դու | նա | մեք | դուք | նոքա | |
| present | ցրեմ (cʻrem) | ցրես (cʻres) | ցրէ (cʻrē) | ցրեմք (cʻremkʻ) | ցրէք (cʻrēkʻ) | ցրեն (cʻren) | |
| imperfect | ցրէի, ցրեի* (cʻrēi, cʻrei*) | ցրէիր, ցրեիր* (cʻrēir, cʻreir*) | ցրէր (cʻrēr) | ցրէաք, ցրեաք* (cʻrēakʻ, cʻreakʻ*) | ցրէիք, ցրեիք* (cʻrēikʻ, cʻreikʻ*) | ցրէին, ցրեին* (cʻrēin, cʻrein*) | |
| aorist | ցրեցի (cʻrecʻi) | ցրեցեր (cʻrecʻer) | ցրեաց (cʻreacʻ) | ցրեցաք (cʻrecʻakʻ) | ցրեցէք, ցրեցիք (cʻrecʻēkʻ, cʻrecʻikʻ) | ցրեցին (cʻrecʻin) | |
| subjunctive | ես | դու | նա | մեք | դուք | նոքա | |
| present | ցրիցեմ (cʻricʻem) | ցրիցես (cʻricʻes) | ցրիցէ (cʻricʻē) | ցրիցեմք (cʻricʻemkʻ) | ցրիցէք (cʻricʻēkʻ) | ցրիցեն (cʻricʻen) | |
| aorist | ցրեցից (cʻrecʻicʻ) | ցրեսցես (cʻrescʻes) | ցրեսցէ (cʻrescʻē) | ցրեսցուք (cʻrescʻukʻ) | ցրեսջիք (cʻresǰikʻ) | ցրեսցեն (cʻrescʻen) | |
| imperatives | — | (դու) | — | — | (դուք) | — | |
| imperative | — | ցրեա՛ (cʻreá) | — | — | ցրեցէ՛ք (cʻrecʻḗkʻ) | — | |
| cohortative | — | ցրեսջի՛ր (cʻresǰír) | — | — | ցրեսջի՛ք (cʻresǰíkʻ) | — | |
| prohibitive | — | մի՛ ցրեր (mí cʻrer) | — | — | մի՛ ցրէք (mí cʻrēkʻ) | — | |
| *rare | |||||||
mediopassive
| infinitive | ցրել, ցրիլ* (cʻrel, cʻril*) | participle | ցրեցեալ, ցրեալ (cʻrecʻeal, cʻreal) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| causative | — | aorist stem | ցրեց- (cʻrecʻ-) | ||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | ես | դու | նա | մեք | դուք | նոքա | |
| present | ցրիմ (cʻrim) | ցրիս (cʻris) | ցրի (cʻri) | ցրիմք (cʻrimkʻ) | ցրիք (cʻrikʻ) | ցրին (cʻrin) | |
| imperfect | ցրէի (cʻrēi) | ցրէիր (cʻrēir) | ցրէր, ցրիւր (cʻrēr, cʻriwr) | ցրէաք (cʻrēakʻ) | ցրէիք (cʻrēikʻ) | ցրէին (cʻrēin) | |
| aorist | ցրեցայ (cʻrecʻay) | ցրեցար (cʻrecʻar) | ցրեցաւ (cʻrecʻaw) | ցրեցաք (cʻrecʻakʻ) | ցրեցայք (cʻrecʻaykʻ) | ցրեցան (cʻrecʻan) | |
| subjunctive | ես | դու | նա | մեք | դուք | նոքա | |
| present | ցրիցիմ (cʻricʻim) | ցրիցիս (cʻricʻis) | ցրիցի (cʻricʻi) | ցրիցիմք (cʻricʻimkʻ) | ցրիցիք (cʻricʻikʻ) | ցրիցին (cʻricʻin) | |
| aorist | ցրեցայց (cʻrecʻaycʻ) | ցրեսցիս (cʻrescʻis) | ցրեսցի (cʻrescʻi) | ցրեսցուք (cʻrescʻukʻ) | ցրեսջիք (cʻresǰikʻ) | ցրեսցին (cʻrescʻin) | |
| imperatives | — | (դու) | — | — | (դուք) | — | |
| imperative | — | ցրեա՛ց (cʻreácʻ) | — | — | ցրեցարո՛ւք (cʻrecʻarúkʻ) | — | |
| cohortative | — | ցրեսջի՛ր (cʻresǰír) | — | — | ցրեսջի՛ք (cʻresǰíkʻ) | — | |
| prohibitive | — | մի՛ ցրիր (mí cʻrir) | — | — | մի՛ ցրիք (mí cʻrikʻ) | — | |
| *post-classical | |||||||
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]click to expand
- ^ Windischmann, Friedrich (1846) Über die Grundlage des Armenischen im arischen Sprachstamme (in German), München: Königlich-Bayerische Akad. der Wiss., page 46
- ^ Patkanov, K. (1864) Исследование о составе армянского языка [A study on the composition of the Armenian language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Academy Press, page 17
- ^ Dervischjan, P. Seraphin (1877) Armeniaca I: Das Altarmenische (in German), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 43–44
- ^ Tērvišean, Serovbē (1885) Hndewropakan naxalezu [The Proto-Indo-European Language] (in Armenian), Constantinople: Nšan K. Pērpērean, page 113
- ^ Meillet, Antoine (1898) “Etymologies arméniennes”, in Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris (in French), volume 10, page 281 of 274–282
- ^ Meillet, Antoine (1897) De indo-europaea radice *men- “mente agitare” (in Latin), Paris: E. Bouillon, page 51
- ^ Hübschmann, Heinrich (1899) “Hübschmann H.: Armenische Grammatik. I. Theil. Armenische Etymologie. II. Abteilung. Die syrischen und griechischen Lehnwörter im Altarmenischen und die echtarmenischen Wörter”, in Indogermanische Forschungen. Anzeiger für indogermanische Sprach- und Altertumskunde. Beiblatt zu den Indogermanischen Forschungen (in German), volume 10, page 49 of 41–50
- ^ Scheftelowitz, J. (1904) “Zur altarmenischen lautgeschichte”, in Beiträge zur kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume 28, page 289
- ^ Walde, Alois (1930) Julius Pokorny, editor, Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume I, Berlin: de Gruyter, page 411
- ^ Scheftelowitz, J. (1927) “Idg. zgh in den Einzelsprachen”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung[1] (in German), volume 54, number 3/4, page 225 of 224–253
- ^ Petersson, Herbert (1916) “Beiträge zur armenischen Wortkunde”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (in German), volume 47, number 3/4, page 255 of 240–291
- ^ Petersson, Herbert (1916) Baltisches und Slavisches (Lunds Universitets Årsskrift N.F. Avd. 1, Bd. 12. Nr. 2) (in German), Lund and Leipzig, page 68
- ^ Solta, G. R. (1960) Die Stellung des Armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen (Studien zur armenischen Geschichte; 9)[2] (in German), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 450–451
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][3] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 408
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][4] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 204
- ^ Agatʻangełos (1909) G. Tēr-Mkrtčʻean and St. Kanayeancʻ, editors, Patmutʻiwn Hayocʻ [History of Armenia] (Patmagirkʻ hayocʻ; I.2)[5], Tiflis: Aragatip Mnacʻakan Martiroseancʻi, page 297
- ^ Thomson, Robert W. (1970) The Teaching of Saint Gregory: An Early Armenian Catechism (Harvard Armenian Texts and Studies; 3)[6], Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, page 142
- ^ Zōhrapean, Yovhannēs, editor (1805), Astuacašunčʻ matean Hin ew Nor Ktakaranacʻ [Bible: Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments], volume I, Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, page 31
Further reading
[edit]- Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “ցիր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, pages 456–457
- Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “ցրեմ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
- J̌ahukyan, Geworg (1987) Hayocʻ lezvi patmutʻyun; naxagrayin žamanakašrǰan [History of the Armenian language: The Pre-Literary Period][7] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Academy Press, page 597, considers the similarity with the Kartvelian as accidental
- Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “ցրեմ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy