карам

Bulgarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkarɐm]

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *karati (“to accuse”), an iterative counter-part to коря́ (korjá, “to rebuke”).

Verb

ка́рам • (káram) first-singular present indicative, impf

1. (transitive, dialectal) to edify, to instruct

   Synonyms: поуча́вам (poučávam), назида́вам (nazidávam)

2. (transitive, dialectal) to rebuke, to reproach, to reprimand

   Synonyms: гъ́лча (gǎ́lča), мъ́мря (mǎ́mrja), хо́кам (hókam), укоря́вам (ukorjávam), порица́вам (poricávam)

   • Сос ма ка́рай, ма́йчинко, сос ма мо́мрей! (in Rupian dialect)

     Sos ma káraj, májčinko, sos ma mómrej!

     Stop reproaching me, mother, stop reprimanding me!

Usage notes

In the standard language, this meaning is primarily expressed via reflexive ка́рам се (káram se). The transitive form typically carries the meaning of Etymology 2.

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ка́рам (conjugation 3, imperfective, transitive)

participles		present active participle	past active aorist participle	past active imperfect participle	past passive participle	verbal noun	adverbial participle
masculine	indefinite	ка́ращ kárašt	ка́рал, кара́л1 káral, karál1	ка́рал káral	ка́ран káran		ка́райки kárajki
	definite subject form	ка́ращият káraštijat	ка́ралият, кара́лият1 káralijat, karálijat1	—	ка́раният káranijat
	definite object form	ка́ращия káraštija	ка́ралия, кара́лия1 káralija, karálija1	—	ка́рания káranija
feminine	indefinite	ка́раща kárašta	ка́рала, кара́ла1 kárala, karála1	ка́рала kárala	ка́рана kárana
	definite	ка́ращата káraštata	ка́ралата, кара́лата1 káralata, karálata1	—	ка́раната káranata
neuter	indefinite	ка́ращо kárašto	ка́рало, кара́ло1 káralo, karálo1	ка́рало káralo	ка́рано kárano	ка́ране kárane
	definite	ка́ращото káraštoto	ка́ралото, кара́лото1 káraloto, karáloto1	—	ка́раното káranoto	ка́рането káraneto
plural	indefinite	ка́ращи kárašti	ка́рали, кара́ли1 kárali, karáli1	ка́рали kárali	ка́рани kárani	ка́рания, ка́ранета káranija, káraneta
	definite	ка́ращите káraštite	ка́ралите, кара́лите1 káralite, karálite1	—	ка́раните káranite	ка́ранията, ка́ранетата káranijata, káranetata

person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present		ка́рам káram	ка́раш káraš	ка́ра kára	ка́раме kárame	ка́рате kárate	ка́рат kárat
imperfect		ка́рах kárah	ка́раше káraše	ка́раше káraše	ка́рахме kárahme	ка́рахте kárahte	ка́раха káraha
aorist		ка́рах, кара́х1 kárah, karáh1	ка́ра, кара́1 kára, kará1	ка́ра, кара́1 kára, kará1	ка́рахме, кара́хме1 kárahme, karáhme1	ка́рахте, кара́хте1 kárahte, karáhte1	ка́раха, кара́ха1 káraha, karáha1
future	pos.	Use ще followed by the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense
future in the past	pos.	Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense
present perfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
past perfect		Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future perfect		Use the future indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future perfect in the past		Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
renarrative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ка́рал m, ка́рала f, ка́рало n, or ка́рали pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
dubitative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал m, ка́рала f, ка́рало n, or ка́рали pl
aorist		Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		none
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
conclusive		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́рал m, ка́рала f, ка́рало n, or ка́рали pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
conditional		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
		Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
imperative		-	ти	-	-	вие	-
			ка́рай káraj			ка́райте kárajte

¹Dialectally marked.

Derived terms

• ока́рвам impf (okárvam), ока́рам pf (okáram, “to berate”)
• пока́рвам impf (pokárvam), пока́рам pf (pokáram, “to express critizism”) (dialectal)
• ска́рвам impf (skárvam), ска́рам pf (skáram, “to make someone agitated/upset with another one”)
  • ска́ран (skáran, “being on bad terms”)
• ка́ране (kárane), ка́раница (káranica, “scuffle, quarrel”)
• ка́рба (kárba), пре́карба (prékarba, “mutual reproach, exchange of accusations”) (dialectal)

Related terms

• у́кор (úkor, “reproach”)
  • ука́рям (ukárjam, “to accuse, to defame”) (obsolete)

References

• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “карам²”, in Български етимологичен речник (in Bulgarian), volume 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 236
• Nayden Gerov (1897) “ка́рамь (10, 11)”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ.‎^[1] (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 351

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *carriāre or *carreāre, from Latin carrus, ultimately of Gaulish origin. Cognate with English carry.

Verb

ка́рам • (káram) first-singular present indicative, impf

1. (transitive) to drive, to conduct (a vehicle)

   Synonym: управля́вам (upravljávam)

   ка́рам кола́ ― káram kolá ― [I] drive a car

2. (transitive) to drive, to herd (an animal, a herd)

   Synonyms: во́дя (vódja), (dialectal) кърдя́ (kǎrdjá)

   ка́рам гове́да ― káram govéda ― [I] herd cattle

3. (transitive) to convey, to transport, to carry

   Synonym: во́зя (vózja)

   ка́рам това́р ― káram továr ― to transport goods

4. (transitive) to make, to coerce (someone do something)

   Synonyms: те́рам (téram), си́ля (sílja), принужда́вам (prinuždávam)

   ка́рам ня́кого да ... ― káram njákogo da ... ― [I] coerce someone to ...

5. (abstracted, transitive) to undergo, to get through, to pass (endevour, situation, state of affairs)

   ка́рам грип ― káram grip ― [I] undergo flu

   ка́рам и́зпит ― káram ízpit ― [I] am taking an exam

   Ка́рам я ня́как си.

   Káram ja njákak si.

   I am doing fine somehow/in some way.

6. (colloquial, figurative, transitive) to be (a certain age)
7. (colloquial, figurative, transitive) to live, to be getting along
8. (colloquial, transitive) to keep on (doing something), to carry out
9. (reflexive with се) to make, to prepare oneself to do something

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ка́рам (conjugation 3, imperfective, transitive)

participles		present active participle	past active aorist participle	past active imperfect participle	past passive participle	verbal noun	adverbial participle
masculine	indefinite	ка́ращ kárašt	ка́рал, кара́л1 káral, karál1	ка́рал káral	ка́ран káran		ка́райки kárajki
	definite subject form	ка́ращият káraštijat	ка́ралият, кара́лият1 káralijat, karálijat1	—	ка́раният káranijat
	definite object form	ка́ращия káraštija	ка́ралия, кара́лия1 káralija, karálija1	—	ка́рания káranija
feminine	indefinite	ка́раща kárašta	ка́рала, кара́ла1 kárala, karála1	ка́рала kárala	ка́рана kárana
	definite	ка́ращата káraštata	ка́ралата, кара́лата1 káralata, karálata1	—	ка́раната káranata
neuter	indefinite	ка́ращо kárašto	ка́рало, кара́ло1 káralo, karálo1	ка́рало káralo	ка́рано kárano	ка́ране kárane
	definite	ка́ращото káraštoto	ка́ралото, кара́лото1 káraloto, karáloto1	—	ка́раното káranoto	ка́рането káraneto
plural	indefinite	ка́ращи kárašti	ка́рали, кара́ли1 kárali, karáli1	ка́рали kárali	ка́рани kárani	ка́рания, ка́ранета káranija, káraneta
	definite	ка́ращите káraštite	ка́ралите, кара́лите1 káralite, karálite1	—	ка́раните káranite	ка́ранията, ка́ранетата káranijata, káranetata

person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present		ка́рам káram	ка́раш káraš	ка́ра kára	ка́раме kárame	ка́рате kárate	ка́рат kárat
imperfect		ка́рах kárah	ка́раше káraše	ка́раше káraše	ка́рахме kárahme	ка́рахте kárahte	ка́раха káraha
aorist		ка́рах, кара́х1 kárah, karáh1	ка́ра, кара́1 kára, kará1	ка́ра, кара́1 kára, kará1	ка́рахме, кара́хме1 kárahme, karáhme1	ка́рахте, кара́хте1 kárahte, karáhte1	ка́раха, кара́ха1 káraha, karáha1
future	pos.	Use ще followed by the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense
future in the past	pos.	Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense
present perfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
past perfect		Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future perfect		Use the future indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future perfect in the past		Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
renarrative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ка́рал m, ка́рала f, ка́рало n, or ка́рали pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
dubitative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал m, ка́рала f, ка́рало n, or ка́рали pl
aorist		Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		none
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
conclusive		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́рал m, ка́рала f, ка́рало n, or ка́рали pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
conditional		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
		Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl
imperative		-	ти	-	-	вие	-
			ка́рай káraj			ка́райте kárajte

¹Dialectally marked.

Derived terms

• вка́рвам impf (vkárvam), вка́рам pf (vkáram, “to insert, to push in”)
• изка́рвам impf (izkárvam), изка́рам pf (izkáram, “to pull out”)
• дока́рвам impf (dokárvam), дока́рам pf (dokáram, “to carry, bring up”)
  • издока́рвам impf (izdokárvam), издока́рам pf (izdokáram)
• зака́рвам impf (zakárvam), зака́рам pf (zakáram, “to transport”)
• нака́рвам impf (nakárvam), нака́рам pf (nakáram, “to compel, to force”)
• отка́рвам impf (otkárvam), отка́рам pf (otkáram, “to carry away”)
• подка́рвам impf (podkárvam), подка́рам pf (podkáram, “to drive up, to undertake”)
• пока́рвам impf (pokárvam), пока́рам pf (pokáram, “to get carrying”)
  • разпока́рвам impf (razpokárvam), разпока́рам pf (razpokáram)
• прека́рвам impf (prekárvam), прека́рам pf (prekáram, “to spend, to forebear”)
• прика́рвам impf (prikárvam), прика́рам pf (prikáram, “to bring in, to conduct”)
• прока́рвам impf (prokárvam), прока́рам pf (prokáram, “to carry into”)
• разка́рвам impf (razkárvam), разка́рам pf (razkáram, “to carry back and forth”)
• ука́рвам impf (ukárvam), ука́рам pf (ukáram, “to infix”) (dialectal)
• кара́ч (karáč, “herder, driver”)

Related terms

• кару́ца (karúca, “charriot”)

References

• “карам”, in Речник на българския език (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “карам”, in Речник на българския език (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “карам¹”, in Български етимологичен речник (in Bulgarian), volume 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 235
• Nayden Gerov (1897) “ка́рамь (1-9)”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ.‎^[2] (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 350

Anagrams

• марка (marka), карма (karma), рамка (ramka), макар (makar)

Kyrgyz

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian کرم (karam), from Ancient Greek κράμβη (krámbē, “cabbage”).

Noun

карам • (karam) (Arabic spelling قارام)

1. cabbage

Macedonian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkaɾam]

Verb

карам • (karam)

1. first-person singular present of кара (kara)

Russian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkarəm]

Etymology 1

Noun

ка́рам • (káram) f inan pl

1. dative plural of ка́ра (kára)

Etymology 2

Noun

ка́рам • (káram) m inan pl

1. dative plural of кар (kar)

Tajik

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /karam/, [kʰä.ɾäm]

Etymology 1

Inherited from Classical Persian کَرَم (karam), from Arabic كَرَم (karam).

Noun

карам • (karam) (Persian spelling کرم)

1. bounty
2. generosity
3. magnificence

Etymology 2

Noun

карам • (karam) (Persian spelling کرم)

1. Alternative form of калам (kalam): cabbage