στρυφνός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

No convincing etymology. Clearly reminiscent of στύφω (stúphō, “to astringe”). Perhaps it derives from the same root, influenced by στριφνός (striphnós, “firm, hard, solid”) or στρηνής (strēnḗs, “hard, harsh”). The comparison with Proto-West Germanic *strūb (“stiff, rough, bristly”), Lithuanian strùbas (“cut short, curtailed”) and Proto-Slavic *strupъ (“scab, crust of a wound”) is not semantically compelling and therefore uncertain.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /stry.pʰnós/ → /stryˈɸnos/ → /striˈfnos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /stry.pʰnós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /stryˈpʰnos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /stryˈɸnos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /stryˈfnos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /striˈfnos/

Adjective

στρῠφνός • (strŭphnós) m (feminine στρῠφνή, neuter στρῠφνόν); first/second declension

1. sour, bitter, harsh, astringent

   Synonym: στυφελός (stuphelós)

2. (figuratively) harsh, severe, austere

Inflection

First and second declension of στρῠφνός; στρῠφνή; στρῠφνόν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		στρῠφνός strŭphnós	στρῠφνή strŭphnḗ	στρῠφνόν strŭphnón		στρῠφνώ strŭphnṓ	στρῠφνᾱ́ strŭphnā́	στρῠφνώ strŭphnṓ		στρῠφνοί strŭphnoí	στρῠφναί strŭphnaí	στρῠφνᾰ́ strŭphnắ
Genitive		στρῠφνοῦ strŭphnoû	στρῠφνῆς strŭphnês	στρῠφνοῦ strŭphnoû		στρῠφνοῖν strŭphnoîn	στρῠφναῖν strŭphnaîn	στρῠφνοῖν strŭphnoîn		στρῠφνῶν strŭphnôn	στρῠφνῶν strŭphnôn	στρῠφνῶν strŭphnôn
Dative		στρῠφνῷ strŭphnôi	στρῠφνῇ strŭphnêi	στρῠφνῷ strŭphnôi		στρῠφνοῖν strŭphnoîn	στρῠφναῖν strŭphnaîn	στρῠφνοῖν strŭphnoîn		στρῠφνοῖς strŭphnoîs	στρῠφναῖς strŭphnaîs	στρῠφνοῖς strŭphnoîs
Accusative		στρῠφνόν strŭphnón	στρῠφνήν strŭphnḗn	στρῠφνόν strŭphnón		στρῠφνώ strŭphnṓ	στρῠφνᾱ́ strŭphnā́	στρῠφνώ strŭphnṓ		στρῠφνούς strŭphnoús	στρῠφνᾱ́ς strŭphnā́s	στρῠφνᾰ́ strŭphnắ
Vocative		στρῠφνέ strŭphné	στρῠφνή strŭphnḗ	στρῠφνόν strŭphnón		στρῠφνώ strŭphnṓ	στρῠφνᾱ́ strŭphnā́	στρῠφνώ strŭphnṓ		στρῠφνοί strŭphnoí	στρῠφναί strŭphnaí	στρῠφνᾰ́ strŭphnắ
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		στρῠφνῶς strŭphnôs				στρῠφνότερος strŭphnóteros				στρῠφνότᾰτος strŭphnótătos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• στρυφνότης (struphnótēs)
• στρυφνόω (struphnóō)

 

Further reading

• “στρυφνός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “στρυφνός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• στρυφνός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN