κλάδος
Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Apparently from a Proto-Hellenic *klə́dos, from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥d-o-s (“piece of wood”), which is traditionally linked to *kelh₂- (“to break”). Often compared with Proto-Slavic *kòlda (“block, log”) and Proto-Germanic *hultą (“wood”). Beekes is skeptical enough of Indo-European origin and particularly the connection of the reconstructed root to *kelh₂- to suggest a Pre-Greek origin, though not skeptical enough to reject an Indo-European origin entirely.[1]
Other potential cognates include Latin clādes, Old Irish caill, Macedonian клада (klada).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /klá.dos/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈkla.dos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈkla.ðos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈkla.ðos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈkla.ðos/
Noun
[edit]κλᾰ́δος • (kládos) m (genitive κλᾰ́δου); second declension
- (botany) young slip or shoot of a tree, such as is broken off for grafting
- olive-branch which was wound round with wool and presented by suppliants
- laurel branches used in temples
- (anatomy) branch of a blood vessel
- (figuratively) arm
Inflection
[edit]The second declension is much more common, but the third is seen, especially in poetic works.
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ὁ κλᾰ́δος ho kládos |
τὼ κλᾰ́δω tṑ kládō |
οἱ κλᾰ́δοι hoi kládoi | ||||||||||
Genitive | τοῦ κλᾰ́δου toû kládou |
τοῖν κλᾰ́δοιν toîn kládoin |
τῶν κλᾰ́δων tôn kládōn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῷ κλᾰ́δῳ tôi kládōi |
τοῖν κλᾰ́δοιν toîn kládoin |
τοῖς κλᾰ́δοις toîs kládois | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὸν κλᾰ́δον tòn kládon |
τὼ κλᾰ́δω tṑ kládō |
τοὺς κλᾰ́δους toùs kládous | ||||||||||
Vocative | κλᾰ́δε kláde |
κλᾰ́δω kládō |
κλᾰ́δοι kládoi | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ὁ κλᾰ́δος ho kládos |
τὼ κλᾰ́δε tṑ kláde |
οἱ κλᾰ́δες hoi kládes | ||||||||||
Genitive | τοῦ κλᾰδός toû kladós |
τοῖν κλᾰδοῖν toîn kladoîn |
τῶν κλᾰδῶν tôn kladôn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῷ κλᾰδῐ́ tôi kladí |
τοῖν κλᾰδοῖν toîn kladoîn |
τοῖς κλᾰσῐ́ / κλᾰσῐ́ν toîs klasí(n) | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὸν κλᾰ́δᾰ tòn kláda |
τὼ κλᾰ́δε tṑ kláde |
τοὺς κλᾰ́δᾰς toùs kládas | ||||||||||
Vocative | κλᾰ́δος kládos |
κλᾰ́δε kláde |
κλᾰ́δες kládes | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | κλᾰ́δος kládos |
κλᾰ́δε kláde |
κλᾰ́δες kládes | ||||||||||
Genitive | κλᾰδός kladós |
κλᾰδοῖῐν kladoîin |
κλᾰδῶν / κλᾰδέων kladôn / kladéōn | ||||||||||
Dative | κλᾰδῐ́ kladí |
κλᾰδοῖῐν kladoîin |
κλᾰσῐ́ / κλᾰ́δεσσῐ / κλᾰ́δεσῐ / κλᾰδέεσσῐ klasí / kládessi / kládesi / kladéessi | ||||||||||
Accusative | κλᾰ́δᾰ kláda |
κλᾰ́δε kláde |
κλᾰ́δᾰς kládas | ||||||||||
Vocative | κλᾰ́δος kládos |
κλᾰ́δε kláde |
κλᾰ́δες kládes | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
[edit]- κλαδεία (kladeía)
- κλαδεύματα (kladeúmata)
- κλάδευσις (kládeusis)
- κλαδευτέον (kladeutéon)
- κλαδευτήριον (kladeutḗrion)
- κλαδευτής (kladeutḗs)
- κλαδέω (kladéō)
- κλαδεών (kladeṓn)
- κλαδηφορέω (kladēphoréō)
- κλαδηφόρος (kladēphóros)
- κλάδινος (kládinos)
- κλάδιον (kládion)
- κλαδίσκος (kladískos)
- κλαδοειδής (kladoeidḗs)
- κλαδοτομέω (kladotoméō)
- κλαδοτομία (kladotomía)
- κλαδώδης (kladṓdēs)
- κλαδών (kladṓn)
- ὀλιγόκλαδος (oligóklados)
- πολύκλαδος (polúklados)
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κλάδος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 708-9
Further reading
[edit]- “κλάδος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “κλάδος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- κλάδος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- G2798 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- κλάδος in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- “κλάδος”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Learnedly, borrowed from the Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos). The figurative and scientific senses, semantic loan from French branche and rameau.[1] Also see the inherited doublets κλαδί (kladí) and κλαρί (klarí). Possibly related to ὀκλαδόν (okladón).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]κλάδος • (kládos) m (plural κλάδοι)
- (horticulture, formal) branch, bough
- (figuratively) branch of organisation
- (biology) clade
- (domain) industry
- Ο τουριστικός κλάδος θα χρειαστεί χρόνο για να ανακάμψει.
- O touristikós kládos tha chreiasteí chróno gia na anakámpsei.
- The tourism industry will need time to recover.
Declension
[edit]singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | κλάδος (kládos) | κλάδοι (kládoi) |
genitive | κλάδου (kládou) | κλάδων (kládon) |
accusative | κλάδο (kládo) | κλάδους (kládous) |
vocative | κλάδε (kláde) | κλάδοι (kládoi) |
Related terms
[edit]- ακλάδευτος (akládeftos, “unpruned”)
- άκλαδος (áklados, “unbranched; untrimmed”)
- ακλάδωτος (akládotos, “with branches - undamaged”)
- ακλάρωτος (aklárotos, “with branches - undamaged”)
- ανακλαδίζομαι (anakladízomai, “stretch, squat”)
- ανακλάδισμα n (anakládisma, “stretch”)
- διακλάδωση f (diakládosi, “division in branches”)
- δικακλαδίζομαι (dikakladízomai, “divide in branches”)
- κλάδα f (kláda, “large branch”)
- κλαδάκι (kladáki, “twig, twiglet”, adjective)
- κλάδεμα n (kládema, “pruning”)
- κλάδευμα n (kládevma, “pruning”)
- κλαδευτήρα f (kladeftíra, “pruning knife, bill-hook”)
- κλαδευτήρι n (kladeftíri, “secateurs, loppers”)
- κλαδευτής m (kladeftís, “pruner”)
- κλαδεύω (kladévo, “I prune”)
- κλαδί n (kladí, “branch, twig”)
- κλαδικός (kladikós, “cladic, sectoral”, adjective)
- κλαδώνω (kladóno, “to branch”)
- κλαδωτός (kladotós, “appliqued, sprigged”, adjective)
- κλαρί n (klarí, “branch, twig”)
- κυκλαδικός (kykladikós, “cycladic”)
- ματόκλαδο n (matóklado, “eyelash”)
- μετά βαΐων και κλάδων (metá vaḯon kai kládon)
- ξερόκλαδο n (xeróklado, “dead branch”)
- παρακλάδι n (parakládi, “offshoot”)
- περικοκλάδα f (perikokláda, “bindweed”)
- πολυκλαδικός (polykladikós, “multidisciplinary, multibranched”)
- χαμόκλαδο n (chamóklado, “understorey, undergrowth”)
- and see: κλαδεύω (kladévo, “to prune”) and κλαρί n (klarí, “branch, twig”)
References
[edit]- ^ κλάδος, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
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