κλάδος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Apparently from a Proto-Hellenic *klə́dos, from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥d-o-s (“piece of wood”), which is traditionally linked to *kelh₂- (“to break”). Often compared with Proto-Slavic *kòlda (“block, log”) and Proto-Germanic *hultą (“wood”). Beekes is skeptical enough of Indo-European origin and particularly the connection of the reconstructed root to *kelh₂- to suggest a Pre-Greek origin, though not skeptical enough to reject an Indo-European origin entirely.

Other potential cognates include Latin clādes, Old Irish caill, Macedonian клада (klada).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /klá.dos/ → /ˈkla.ðos/ → /ˈkla.ðos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /klá.dos/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈkla.dos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈkla.ðos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈkla.ðos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈkla.ðos/

Noun

κλᾰ́δος • (klắdos) m (genitive κλᾰ́δου); second declension

1. (botany) young slip or shoot of a tree, such as is broken off for grafting
2. olive-branch which was wound round with wool and presented by suppliants
3. laurel branches used in temples
4. (anatomy) branch of a blood vessel
5. (figuratively) arm

Inflection

The second declension is much more common, but the third is seen, especially in poetic works.

Second declension of ὁ κλᾰ́δος; τοῦ κλᾰ́δου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ κλᾰ́δος ho klắdos	τὼ κλᾰ́δω tṑ klắdō	οἱ κλᾰ́δοι hoi klắdoi
Genitive	τοῦ κλᾰ́δου toû klắdou	τοῖν κλᾰ́δοιν toîn klắdoin	τῶν κλᾰ́δων tôn klắdōn
Dative	τῷ κλᾰ́δῳ tôi klắdōi	τοῖν κλᾰ́δοιν toîn klắdoin	τοῖς κλᾰ́δοις toîs klắdois
Accusative	τὸν κλᾰ́δον tòn klắdon	τὼ κλᾰ́δω tṑ klắdō	τοὺς κλᾰ́δους toùs klắdous
Vocative	κλᾰ́δε klắde	κλᾰ́δω klắdō	κλᾰ́δοι klắdoi
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Third declension of ὁ κλᾰ́δος; τοῦ κλᾰδός (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ κλᾰ́δος ho klắdos	τὼ κλᾰ́δε tṑ klắde	οἱ κλᾰ́δες hoi klắdes
Genitive	τοῦ κλᾰδός toû klădós	τοῖν κλᾰδοῖν toîn klădoîn	τῶν κλᾰδῶν tôn klădôn
Dative	τῷ κλᾰδῐ́ tôi klădĭ́	τοῖν κλᾰδοῖν toîn klădoîn	τοῖς κλᾰσῐ́ / κλᾰσῐ́ν toîs klăsĭ́(n)
Accusative	τὸν κλᾰ́δᾰ tòn klắdă	τὼ κλᾰ́δε tṑ klắde	τοὺς κλᾰ́δᾰς toùs klắdăs
Vocative	κλᾰ́δος klắdos	κλᾰ́δε klắde	κλᾰ́δες klắdes
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension. Nominative singular -ς (-s) arose by reduction of the original cluster *-ds.

Third declension of κλᾰ́δος; κλᾰδός (Epic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	κλᾰ́δος klắdos	κλᾰ́δε klắde	κλᾰ́δες klắdes
Genitive	κλᾰδός klădós	κλᾰδοῖῐν klădoîĭn	κλᾰδῶν / κλᾰδέων klădôn / klădéōn
Dative	κλᾰδῐ́ klădĭ́	κλᾰδοῖῐν klădoîĭn	κλᾰσῐ́ / κλᾰ́δεσσῐ / κλᾰ́δεσῐ / κλᾰδέεσσῐ klăsĭ́ / klắdessĭ / klắdesĭ / klădéessĭ
Accusative	κλᾰ́δᾰ klắdă	κλᾰ́δε klắde	κλᾰ́δᾰς klắdăs
Vocative	κλᾰ́δος klắdos	κλᾰ́δε klắde	κλᾰ́δες klắdes
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

• κλαδεία (kladeía)
• κλαδεύματα (kladeúmata)
• κλάδευσις (kládeusis)
• κλαδευτέον (kladeutéon)
• κλαδευτήριον (kladeutḗrion)
• κλαδευτής (kladeutḗs)
• κλαδέω (kladéō)
• κλαδεών (kladeṓn)
• κλαδηφορέω (kladēphoréō)
• κλαδηφόρος (kladēphóros)
• κλάδινος (kládinos)
• κλάδιον (kládion)
• κλαδίσκος (kladískos)
• κλαδοειδής (kladoeidḗs)
• κλαδοτομέω (kladotoméō)
• κλαδοτομία (kladotomía)
• κλαδώδης (kladṓdēs)
• κλαδών (kladṓn)
• ὀλιγόκλαδος (oligóklados)
• πολύκλαδος (polúklados)

Descendants

• → English: clade
  • → Czech: klad
  • → Esperanto: klado
  • → Estonian: klaad
  • → Finnish: kladi
  • → French: clade
  • → Polish: klad
  • → Portuguese: clado
  • → Spanish: clado
• → Greek: κλάδος (kládos) (learned)
• → New Latin: cladus
  • → English: cladus
  • → Italian: clado

Further reading

• “κλάδος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “κλάδος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• κλάδος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• G2798 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• κλάδος in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • bough idem, page 90.
  • branch idem, page 93.
  • olive idem, page 572.
  • suppliant idem, page 840.
• κλάδος, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011

Greek

Etymology

Learnedly, borrowed from the Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos). The figurative and scientific senses, semantic loan from French branche and rameau. Also see the inherited doublets κλαδί (kladí) and κλαρί (klarí). Possibly related to ὀκλαδόν (okladón).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkla.ðos/
• Hyphenation: κλά‧δος

Noun

κλάδος • (kládos) m (plural κλάδοι)

1. (horticulture, formal) branch, bough

   Synonyms: κλαδί (kladí), κλαρί (klarí) (informal)

   Όλοι οι μεγάλοι κλάδοι που καταστρέφουν το σχήμα του δέντρου αφαιρούνται.

   Óloi oi megáloi kládoi pou katastréfoun to schíma tou déntrou afairoúntai.

   All the large branches that destroy the shape of the tree are removed.

2. (figuratively) branch of organisation
3. (biology) clade
4. (domain) industry

   Ο τουριστικός κλάδος θα χρειαστεί χρόνο για να ανακάμψει.

   O touristikós kládos tha chreiasteí chróno gia na anakámpsei.

   The tourism industry will need time to recover.

Declension

Declension of κλάδος

	singular	plural
nominative	κλάδος (kládos)	κλάδοι (kládoi)
genitive	κλάδου (kládou)	κλάδων (kládon)
accusative	κλάδο (kládo)	κλάδους (kládous)
vocative	κλάδε (kláde)	κλάδοι (kládoi)

Related terms

• ακλάδευτος (akládeftos, “unpruned”)
• άκλαδος (áklados, “unbranched; untrimmed”)
• ακλάδωτος (akládotos, “with branches - undamaged”)
• ακλάρωτος (aklárotos, “with branches - undamaged”)
• ανακλαδίζομαι (anakladízomai, “stretch, squat”)
• ανακλάδισμα n (anakládisma, “stretch”)
• διακλάδωση f (diakládosi, “division in branches”)
• δικακλαδίζομαι (dikakladízomai, “divide in branches”)
• κλάδα f (kláda, “large branch”)
• κλαδάκι (kladáki, “twig, twiglet”, adjective)
• κλάδεμα n (kládema, “pruning”)
• κλάδευμα n (kládevma, “pruning”)
• κλαδευτήρα f (kladeftíra, “pruning knife, bill-hook”)
• κλαδευτήρι n (kladeftíri, “secateurs, loppers”)
• κλαδευτής m (kladeftís, “pruner”)
• κλαδεύω (kladévo, “I prune”)
• κλαδί n (kladí, “branch, twig”)
• κλαδικός (kladikós, “cladic, sectoral”, adjective)
• κλαδώνω (kladóno, “to branch”)
• κλαδωτός (kladotós, “appliqued, sprigged”, adjective)
• κλαρί n (klarí, “branch, twig”)
• κυκλαδικός (kykladikós, “cycladic”)
• ματόκλαδο n (matóklado, “eyelash”)
• μετά βαΐων και κλάδων (metá vaḯon kai kládon)
• ξερόκλαδο n (xeróklado, “dead branch”)
• παρακλάδι n (parakládi, “offshoot”)
• περικοκλάδα f (perikokláda, “bindweed”)
• πολυκλαδικός (polykladikós, “multidisciplinary, multibranched”)
• χαμόκλαδο n (chamóklado, “understorey, undergrowth”)
• and see: κλαδεύω (kladévo, “to prune”) and κλαρί n (klarí, “branch, twig”)