šmm

Egyptian

Etymology

Possibly cognate with Arabic حَمِيم (ḥamīm, “hot”), Hebrew חַם (ḥam, “hot”).^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ʃɛmɛm/
- Conventional anglicization: shemem

Verb

2ae gem.

(intransitive) to be(come) hot
(intransitive) to be(come) feverish

Inflection

Conjugation of šmm (second geminate / 2ae gem. / II. gem.) — base stem: šm, geminated stem: šmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
šmm⁸	šmm	šmmt	šmm, šm	šmm, šm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
šmm, šm	ḥr šmm	m šmm	r šmm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
aspect / mood	active	aspect / mood	active
perfect	šmm.n, šm.n	consecutive	šm.jn
terminative	šmmt	consecutive	šm.jn
perfective³	šm	obligative¹	šmm.ḫr
imperfective	šmm	obligative¹	šmm.ḫr
prospective³	šmm	potentialis¹	šm.kꜣ
subjunctive	šm	potentialis¹	šm.kꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
aspect / mood	active	active	passive
perfect	šm.n	—	—
perfective	šm	šm	šm, šmw⁵, šmy⁵
imperfective	šmm, šmmy, šmmw⁵	šmm, šmmj⁶, šmmy⁶	šmm, šmmw⁵
prospective	šm, šmtj⁷	šmmtj⁴, šmmt⁴

¹ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
² Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
³ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
⁴ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. ⁵ Only in the masculine singular.
⁶ Only in the masculine.
⁷ Only in the feminine.
⁸ šm before suffix pronouns.

Derived terms

sšmm
šmmt

Descendants

Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲙⲁⲙ (xmam)
Bohairic Coptic: ϧⲙⲟⲙ (xmom)
Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲙⲁⲙ (hmam)
Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲙⲁⲙ (hmam)
Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲙⲟⲙ (hmom), ϣⲙⲟⲙ (šmom)

References

Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 468.1–468.17

^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 34
^ Takács, Gábor (2000) “Towards the Afro-Asiatic Etymology of Egyptian zš ‘To Write’” in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, volume 63, number 2, page 262

[1] Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 34

[2] Takács, Gábor (2000) “Towards the Afro-Asiatic Etymology of Egyptian zš ‘To Write’” in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, volume 63, number 2, page 262

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