sḥḏ

See also: shd, sḥd, and sḫd

Egyptian

Etymology

s- (causative prefix) +‎ ḥḏ (“to be white”).

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛhɛd͡ʒ/
  • Conventional anglicization: sehedj

Verb

 caus. 2-lit.

1. (transitive) to brighten
   • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 12–13:

     ḫꜥ ḥr nst nt (j)t.f mj rꜥ wbn.f m ꜣḫt rdj.f šsp n ḥr(j) kkw sḥḏ.n.f šw m šwtj.fj bꜥḥ.n.f tꜣwj mj jṯn m tp-dwꜣyt

     One shining forth on the throne of his father like Ra when he rises in the Akhet, he gave light to what was covered by darkness, having brightened the air with his two plumes, having flooded the Two Lands (Egypt) like the sun disk at the break of dawn.

   • c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 7–8:

     sḥḏ kk(w)t srq.k ḥtm(y)t (j)ꜥr.k m rn.k n(j) rꜥ r bw ẖr(j) wsjr ḫntj-jmntjw

     Brighten the darkness that you might make the Place of Destruction breathe, that you might ascend in your name of Ra to the place where Osiris, Foremost of the Westerners, is.

Inflection

Conjugation of sḥḏ (causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.) — base stem: sḥḏ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
sḥḏt, sḥḏ	sḥḏw, sḥḏ	sḥḏt	sḥḏ	sḥḏ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
sḥḏ	ḥr sḥḏ	m sḥḏ	r sḥḏ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	sḥḏ.n	sḥḏw, sḥḏ	consecutive	sḥḏ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	sḥḏt
perfective3	sḥḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	sḥḏ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	sḥḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	sḥḏw, sḥḏ, sḥḏy	sḥḏw, sḥḏ, sḥḏy	potentialis1	sḥḏ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	sḥḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	sḥḏ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	sḥḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2	sḥḏ	sḥḏ, sḥḏw5, sḥḏy5
imperfective	sḥḏ, sḥḏy, sḥḏw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	sḥḏ, sḥḏj6, sḥḏy6	sḥḏ, sḥḏw5
prospective	sḥḏ, sḥḏtj7	—	sḥḏwtj1 4, sḥḏtj4, sḥḏt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sḥḏ  

sḥḏ

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 312.