garbh

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish garb, from Proto-Celtic *garwos (compare Welsh garw (“coarse”)).

Pronunciation

• (Munster, Aran) IPA^(key): /ˈɡɑɾˠəvˠ/
• (Connemara) IPA^(key): /ˈɡaɾˠəvˠ/
• (Mayo, Ulster) IPA^(key): /ˈɡaɾˠuː/

Adjective

garbh (genitive singular masculine gairbh, genitive singular feminine gairbhe, plural garbha, comparative gairbhe)

1. rough, harsh
2. rugged, coarse, crude
3. unpolished
4. approximate

Declension

Declension of garbh

	singular		plural (m/f)
Positive	masculine	feminine	(strong noun)	(weak noun)
nominative	garbh	gharbh	garbha; gharbha2
vocative	ghairbh		garbha
genitive		gairbhe	garbha	garbh
dative	garbh; gharbh1	gharbh; ghairbh (archaic)	garbha; gharbha2
Comparative	níos gairbhe
Superlative	is gairbhe

¹ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article.
² When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.

Derived terms

• adhgharbh (“very rough”, adjective)
• gairbhe f (“roughness, coarseness”)
• garbh-bhéal m (“coarse mouth”)
• garbhadas m (“roughness, coarseness”)
• garbhaigh (“roughen; become rough”, verb)
• garbhán m (“coarse substance”)
• garbhánach m (“coarse-grained person”)
• garbhanálú m (“rough breathing”)
• garbhánta (“coarse-grained”, adjective)
• garbhántacht f (“coarseness (of grain, fibre)”)
• garbhchiumhaiseach (“rough-edged”, adjective)
• garbhchloch f (“rough, uncut, stone”)
• garbhchríoch f (“rough boundary”)
• garbhchumtha (“rough-shaped”, adjective)
• garbhdhéanta (“rough-made, coarse”, adjective)
• garbhghlórach (“rough-spoken, raucous”, adjective)
• garbhghnúiseach (“rough-visaged”, adjective)
• garbhiarann m (“pig-iron”)
• garbhiasc m (“large sea-fish”)
• garbhlabhartha (“rough-spoken”, adjective)
• garbhlach m (“rough ground”)
• garbhlus m (“goose grass; catchweed”)
• garbhóg f (“coarse object or person”)
• garbhógach f (“club moss”)
• garbhphlána m (“jack-plane”)
• garbhshíon f (“rough weather”)
• garbhshnoigh (“rough-hew”, transitive verb)
• garbhtheilg (“rough-cast”, transitive verb)
• garbhtheilgean m (“rough-cast”)
• garbhuille m (“approach shot”)
• píobán garbh m (“windpipe, trachea”)

 

Verb

garbh (present analytic garbhann, future analytic garbhfaidh, verbal noun garbhadh, past participle garfa)

1. (transitive, intransitive) Alternative form of garbhaigh (“roughen; become rough”)

Conjugation

conjugation of garbh (first conjugation – A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	garbhaim	garbhann tú; garbhair†	garbhann sé, sí	garbhaimid	garbhann sibh	garbhann siad; garbhaid†	a gharbhann; a gharbhas / a ngarbhann*	garbhtar
	past	gharbh mé; gharbhas	gharbh tú; gharbhais	gharbh sé, sí	gharbhamar; gharbh muid	gharbh sibh; gharbhabhair	gharbh siad; gharbhadar	a gharbh / ar gharbh*	garbhadh
	past habitual	gharbhainn / ngarbhainn‡‡	gharbhtá / ngarbhtᇇ	gharbhadh sé, sí / ngarbhadh sé, s퇇	gharbhaimis; gharbhadh muid / ngarbhaimis‡‡; ngarbhadh muid‡‡	gharbhadh sibh / ngarbhadh sibh‡‡	gharbhaidís; gharbhadh siad / ngarbhaidís‡‡; ngarbhadh siad‡‡	a gharbhadh / a ngarbhadh*	gharbhtaí / ngarbhta퇇
future		garbhfaidh mé; garbhfad	garbhfaidh tú; garbhfair†	garbhfaidh sé, sí	garbhfaimid; garbhfaidh muid	garbhfaidh sibh	garbhfaidh siad; garbhfaid†	a gharbhfaidh; a gharbhfas / a ngarbhfaidh*	garbhfar
conditional		gharbhfainn / ngarbhfainn‡‡	gharbhfá / ngarbhfᇇ	gharbhfadh sé, sí / ngarbhfadh sé, s퇇	gharbhfaimis; gharbhfadh muid / ngarbhfaimis‡‡; ngarbhfadh muid‡‡	gharbhfadh sibh / ngarbhfadh sibh‡‡	gharbhfaidís; gharbhfadh siad / ngarbhfaidís‡‡; ngarbhfadh siad‡‡	a gharbhfadh / a ngarbhfadh*	gharbhfaí / ngarbhfa퇇
subjunctive	present	go ngarbha mé; go ngarbhad†	go ngarbha tú; go ngarbhair†	go ngarbha sé, sí	go ngarbhaimid; go ngarbha muid	go ngarbha sibh	go ngarbha siad; go ngarbhaid†	—	go ngarbhtar
	past	dá ngarbhainn	dá ngarbhtá	dá ngarbhadh sé, sí	dá ngarbhaimis; dá ngarbhadh muid	dá ngarbhadh sibh	dá ngarbhaidís; dá ngarbhadh siad	—	dá ngarbhtaí
imperative		garbhaim	garbh	garbhadh sé, sí	garbhaimis	garbhaigí; garbhaidh†	garbhaidís	—	garbhtar
verbal noun		garbhadh
past participle		garfa

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Mutated forms of garbh

radical	lenition	eclipsis
garbh	gharbh	ngarbh

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “garbh”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish garb, from Proto-Celtic *garwos (compare Welsh garw (“coarse”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkaɾav/

Adjective

garbh (comparative gairbhe)

1. rough (as in a rough surface)
2. wild (about the weather)
3. hoarse
4. gross

Mutation

Mutation of garbh

radical	lenition
garbh	gharbh

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 garb”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language