extinguo

Latin

Alternative forms

• exstinguō

Etymology

From ex- +‎ stinguō. Compare tinguō (“wet, moisten”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ekˈstin.ɡʷoː/, [ɛkˈs̠t̪ɪŋɡʷoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ekˈstin.ɡwo/, [ekˈst̪iŋɡwo]

Verb

extinguō (present infinitive extinguere, perfect active extīnxī, supine extīnctum); third conjugation

1. to quench, put out, extinguish
2. (figuratively) to destroy, kill, slay, abolish
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.585–586:

     “‘Extīnxisse nefās tamen et sūmpsisse merentīs / laudābor poenās [...].’”

     “‘Nevertheless, [for having] slain [such] an offender, and exacted [her] well-deserved punishments, I will be honored….’”
     (Aeneas in soliloquy speaks two perfect active infinitives – extinxisse and sumpsisse – as he considers whether to kill Helen.)

Conjugation

   Conjugation of extinguō (third conjugation)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	extinguō		extinguis		extinguit		extinguimus		extinguitis		extinguunt
	imperfect	extinguēbam		extinguēbās		extinguēbat		extinguēbāmus		extinguēbātis		extinguēbant
	future	extinguam		extinguēs		extinguet		extinguēmus		extinguētis		extinguent
	perfect	extīnxī		extīnxistī		extīnxit		extīnximus		extīnxistis		extīnxēre, extīnxērunt
	pluperfect	extīnxeram		extīnxerās		extīnxerat		extīnxerāmus		extīnxerātis		extīnxerant
	future perfect	extīnxerō		extīnxeris		extīnxerit		extīnxerimus		extīnxeritis		extīnxerint
	sigmatic future1	extīnxō		extīnxis		extīnxit		extīnximus		extīnxitis		extīnxint
passive	present	extinguor		extinguere, extingueris		extinguitur		extinguimur		extinguiminī		extinguuntur
	imperfect	extinguēbar		extinguēbāre, extinguēbāris		extinguēbātur		extinguēbāmur		extinguēbāminī		extinguēbantur
	future	extinguar		extinguēre, extinguēris		extinguētur		extinguēmur		extinguēminī		extinguentur
	perfect	extīnctus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	extīnctus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	extīnctus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	extinguam		extinguās		extinguat		extinguāmus		extinguātis		extinguant
	imperfect	extinguerem		extinguerēs		extingueret		extinguerēmus		extinguerētis		extinguerent
	perfect	extīnxerim		extīnxerīs		extīnxerit		extīnxerīmus		extīnxerītis		extīnxerint
	pluperfect	extīnxissem		extīnxissēs		extīnxisset		extīnxissēmus		extīnxissētis		extīnxissent
	sigmatic aorist1	extīnxim		extīnxīs		extīnxīt		extīnxīmus		extīnxītis		extīnxint
passive	present	extinguar		extinguāre, extinguāris		extinguātur		extinguāmur		extinguāminī		extinguantur
	imperfect	extinguerer		extinguerēre, extinguerēris		extinguerētur		extinguerēmur		extinguerēminī		extinguerentur
	perfect	extīnctus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	extīnctus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		extingue		—		—		extinguite		—
	future	—		extinguitō		extinguitō		—		extinguitōte		extinguuntō
passive	present	—		extinguere		—		—		extinguiminī		—
	future	—		extinguitor		extinguitor		—		—		extinguuntor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		extinguere			extinguī			extinguēns			—
future		extīnctūrum esse			extīnctum īrī			extīnctūrus			extinguendus
perfect		extīnxisse			extīnctum esse			—			extīnctus
future perfect		—			extīnctum fore			—			—
perfect potential		extīnctūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		extinguendī		extinguendō		extinguendum		extinguendō		extīnctum		extīnctū

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

Descendants

• Aromanian: astingu, astindziri
• Bourguignon: étoindre
• Catalan: extingir
• English: extinct, extinguish
• Franco-Provençal: êtiendre
• French: éteindre
• Galician: extinguir
• Italian: estinguere, stinguere
• Occitan: esténher, esténger
• Old French: estaindre
• Portuguese: extinguir
• Romanian: stinge, stingere
• Spanish: extinguir

References

• “extinguo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers