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condescend

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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Etymology

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PIE word
*ḱóm
PIE word
*de

From Middle English condescenden, condescendre (to deign, condescend; to accede graciously; to agree; to agree to, give consent; to make a concession, yield; etc.),[1] from Old French condescendre (to descend, go down; to agree or assent to) (modern French condescendre),[2] from Ecclesiastical Latin condēscendere, the present active infinitive of condēscendō (to stoop down; to condescend), from Latin con- (prefix denoting a bringing together of several objects) + dēscendō (to come or go down, descend; to stoop down)[3] (from dē- (prefix denoting reversal or undoing) + scandō (to ascend, mount; to clamber) (from Proto-Indo-European *skend- (to climb, scale; to dart; to jump; etc.))).

Pronunciation

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Verb

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condescend (third-person singular simple present condescends, present participle condescending, simple past and past participle condescended)

  1. (intransitive)
    1. (obsolete) To come down or go down; to descend.
      • 1680, W[illiam] de Britaine, “Sect[ion] XXII. Of the Man of Honour.”, in Humane Prudence, or The Art by which a Man may Raise Himself and His Fortune to Grandeur. [], 9th edition, London: [] Richard Sare, [], published 1702, →OCLC, page 141:
        To ſtoop to any ſordid lovv Action, is to imitate the Kite, vvhich flyeth high in the Air, yet vouchſafes to condeſcend to Carrion upon the Ground.
    2. (figurative)
      1. To come down from a superior position and do something; to deign; (with a negative connotation) to stoop.
        The boss condescended not to sack him after much persuasion from his coworkers.
      2. To treat someone as though inferior; to talk down to someone; to patronize.
        • 1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, “Miss Crawley at Home”, in Vanity Fair [], London: Bradbury and Evans [], published 1848, →OCLC, page 123:
          Miss Crawley's graciousness was also remarkable. She continued her raptures about little Amelia, talked about her before her face as if she were a doll, or a servant, or a picture, and admired her with the most benevolent wonder possible. I admire that admiration which the genteel world sometimes extends to the commonalty. There is no more agreeable object in life than to see May Fair folks condescending.
        • 1860 December – 1861 August, Charles Dickens, chapter X, in Great Expectations [], volume II, London: Chapman and Hall, [], published October 1861, →OCLC, page 165:
          "You must know," said Estella, condescending to me as a brilliant and beautiful woman might, "that I have no heart—if that has anything to do with my memory."
        • 1865, [Charlotte Mary Yonge], “Waiting for Rose”, in The Clever Woman of the Family. [], volume I, London; Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 185:
          Ermine never let any one be condescending to her, and conducted the conversation with her usual graceful good breeding, []
        • 1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, “Silverside”, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC, page 300:
          At her invitation he outlined for her the succeeding chapters with terse military accuracy ; and what she liked best and best understood was avoidance of that false modesty which condescends, turning technicality into pabulum.
      3. Chiefly followed by on or upon: to go into detail; to particularize, to specify.
        • 1880 February, Henry Holbeach, “The New Fiction”, in The Contemporary Review, volume XXXVII, London: Strahan & Company [], →ISSN, →OCLC, page 249:
          The whole of his work consists of digested and transformed experience presented to you under arrangements new to himself. It is all true, except as to "the way it is put," and you feel that it is true—that is, if the work be good of the kind; but you can not "condescend upon particulars" as to when and where it all happened.
      4. (obsolete) To agree to something; to accede, to assent, to consent; also, to reach an agreement.
        Antonym: (obsolete, rare) discondescend
        • [1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum iiij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XXI (in Middle English), [London: [] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 423, recto; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur [], London: David Nutt, [], 1889, →OCLC, page 845, lines 16–18:
          Than were they condeſended that Kyng Arthure and syr mordred ſhold mete betwyxte bothe theyr hooſtes and eueryche of them shold brynge fourtene persones []
          Then were they condescended that King Arthur and Sir Mordred should meet betwixt both their hosts and every of them should bring fourteen persons []]
        • a. 1530 (date written), John Skelton, “Here after Foloweth a Lytell Boke, whiche hath to Name Why Come Ye Nat to Courte? []”, in Alexander Dyce, editor, The Poetical Works of John Skelton: [], volume II, London: Thomas Rodd, [], published 1843, →OCLC, page 58, lines 1017–1022:
          Careles and shamlesse, / Thriftles and gracelesse, / Together are bended, / And so condyscended, / That the commune welth / Shall neuer haue good helth, []
        • 1557, Anthony of Gueuara [i.e., Antonio de Guevara], “Of the Excellencie of Christian Religion, whiche Manifesteth the True God, and Disproueth the Vanitie of the Auncientes, Hauinge so Many Gods. []”, in Thomas North, transl., The Diall of Princes. [], London: [] [Thomas Marsh for] Iohn Waylande, →OCLC, 1st booke, folio 6, verso, column 1:
          For thoſe iuſtly deſerue yͤ ſworde, which with no reaſonable condicions, wil condeſcende vnto peace.
        • 1563 March 30 (Gregorian calendar), John Foxe, “Actes and Monumentes of the Churche”, in Actes and Monuments of These Latter and Perillous Dayes, [], London: [] Iohn Day, [], →OCLC, book I, page [35]:
          With those reasons of Lanfranke [i.e., Lanfranc], Thomas [of Bayeux] gaue ouer, condescending that the firste of hys prouince should begin at Humber.
        • 1569, Richard Grafton, “Edwarde the Fift”, in A Chronicle at Large and Meere History of the Affayres of Englande [], volume II, London: [] Henry Denham, [], for Richarde Tottle and Humffrey Toye, →OCLC, page 793:
          The nobles and commons alſo of this realme, [] haue fully condiſcended and vtterly determined to make humble peticion vnto the puyſſaunt prince the Lorde protectour [the Duke of Gloucester, later Richard III], that it maye like his grace at our humble requeſt, to take vpon him the guyding and gouernaunce of this realme, []
        • a. 1587, Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney], “[The Second Booke] Chapter 29”, in [Fulke Greville; Matthew Gwinne; John Florio], editors, The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia], London: [] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, published 1590, →OCLC, folio 240, recto:
          [B]oth ſides, all toke ſolemne oath, and ſo the peace vvas concluded; they of Plangus partie forcing him to agree, though he himſelfe the ſooner condiſcended, knovving the courteſie of thoſe tvvo excellent Princes, not to refuſe ſo noble a quarrell, and their povver ſuch, as tvvo more (like the other tvvo) vvere not able to reſiſt.
        • 1597, Richard Hooker, “Of Oblations, Foundations, Endowments, Tithes, All Intended for Perpetuitie of Religion, []”, in J[ohn] S[penser], editor, Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie, [], 2nd edition, London: [] Will[iam] Stansby [for Matthew Lownes], published 1611, →OCLC, book V, page 428:
          And aſſone as the ſtate of the Church could admit thereof, they eaſily condeſcended to thinke it moſt naturall and moſt fit, that God ſhould receiue as before of all men his ancient accuſtomed revenevves of Tithes.
        • 1607, Gervase Markham, “How Horse Foales, and Mare Foales, Grow, and to Know the Continuance of Their Goodnesse”, in Cauelarice, or The English Horseman: [], London: [] [Edward Allde and W[illiam] Jaggard] for Edward White, [], →OCLC, 1st book, page 60:
          [T]o that opinion I muſt needs condiſcend, for I find it in dayly experience []
        • 1649, J[ohn] Milton, “Of the Differences in Point of Church Government”, in ΕΙΚΟΝΟΚΛΆΣΤΗΣ [Eikonoklástēs] [], London: [] Matthew Simmons, [], →OCLC, page 157:
          [F]rom his ovvn vvords vve may perceave eaſily, [] hovv unvvillingly and vvith vvhat mentall reſervation he condeſcended againſt his ovvn intereſt to remove it out of the Peers houſe, hath bin ſhovvn alreadie.
      5. (obsolete) To give way or yield in a deferential manner; to be amenable or compliant.
      6. (obsolete) To graciously give; to vouchsafe.
        • 1679, Joseph Hall, “Christ Betrayed”, in Contemplations upon the Remarkable Passages in the Life of the Holy Jesus, London: [] E. Flesher, and are to be sold by Jacob Tonson, [], →OCLC, page 423:
          [W]hen John [the author of the Gospel of John] asks thee [Jesus] a queſtion [] thou condeſcendeſt to a mild and full (though ſecret) ſatisfaction.
      7. (obsolete) To reach a certain point; to settle on.
        • 1528 (date written), John Strype, quoting [Stephen] Gardiner, [Edward] Fox[e], and Gregory de Cassali [i.e., Gregory di Casale], “Numb[er] XXIV. Dr. Gardiner, Dr. Fox, & Sir Gregory de Cassalis, the Kings Ambassadors, unto the Cardinall. From Orviet.”, in Ecclesiastical Memorials; Relating Chiefly to Religion, and the Reformation of It: Shewing the Various Emergencies of the Church of England, under King Henry the Eighth. [], volume I, London: [] John Wyat, [], published 1721, →OCLC, page 62:
          [H]is Ho[liness] hath, & contynually doth deſire them vvith ſpede to condeſcend to oon opinion, or other, & to ſhevv their ſentence in theſe Articles, VVhether in ther opinions the cauſes vvherupon the Matrimony ſhold be declared nought, & the Diſpenſation void, be ſufficient in the lavv, or not.
        • 1844, Martin Farquhar Tupper, “Charles at Madras”, in The Twins: [], London: Richard Bentley, [], →OCLC, page 159:
          [T]hereafter our cavalier condescendeth again to matters of fact.
      8. (obsolete) To secretly make plans, usually to bring about a bad or illegal result; to conspire, to plot.
        • 1569, Richard Grafton, “Edwarde the Fourth”, in A Chronicle at Large and Meere History of the Affayres of Englande [], volume II, London: [] Henry Denham, [], for Richarde Tottle and Humffrey Toye, →OCLC, page 685:
          [S]he perſwaded the Duke of Clarence, that it was neyther naturall, nor honorable to him eyther to condiſcende or take parte againſt the houſe of Yorke, (of which he was lineally diſcended) and to ſet vp agayne the houſe of Lancaſtre, []
  2. (transitive)
    1. (nonstandard, rare) To treat (someone) as though inferior; to talk down to (someone); to patronize.
      Synonym: belittle
      • 2007, Damian Westfall, Bennett’s Cow-Eyed Girl [], Morrisville, N.C.: Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 54:
        I didn't mean to condescend you, Mr. Shreck.
      • 2010, Jaron Lee Knuth, chapter 12, in Demigod, [S.l.]: Jaron Lee Knuth, →ISBN:
        I'm not trying to condescend you, Ben.
      • 2013 March 15 (first performance), Greg Kalleres, Honky, New York, N.Y.: Dramatists Play Service, published 2014, →ISBN, scene 11, page 31:
        THOMAS. [] Does my anger deserve your condescension? / ANDIE. I wasn't condescending you; I was just asking. / THOMAS. No. You said "angry black man." Like my anger only exists in a stereotype. That's condescending. I mean, does it occur to you that I might have something to be angry about? A reason that has nothing to do with my being black?
    2. (chiefly passive voice, obsolete) Often preceded by the dummy pronoun it: to agree to (something); to consent.
      It was condescended by the warring parties that they should lay down their arms and seek peace.

Usage notes

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  • Condescend is a catenative verb that takes the to-infinitive: see Appendix:English catenative verbs.
  • Regarding sense 1.2.1 (“to come down from a superior position and do something”), in older usage the word could be used positively or neutrally to describe the action of someone who socialized in a friendly way with their social inferiors. (For example, in Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice (1813), a character could say of another, “[] I need not say you will be delighted with her. She is all affability and condescension.”)[4] Now that the concept of social inferiors has largely fallen out of currency, the word tends to be used negatively, conveying the idea that a person is looking down on others.
  • Regarding sense 1.2.2 (“to treat someone as though inferior”), the derived participial adjective condescending and the corresponding adverb condescendingly are more common than the verb itself.

Conjugation

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Derived terms

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Translations

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ condescenden, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  2. ^ condescend, v.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
  3. ^ condescend, v.”, in OED Online Paid subscription required, Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 2024.
  4. ^ [Jane Austen] (1813 January 27) chapter V, in Pride and Prejudice: [], volume II, London: [] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, [], →OCLC, page 55.

Further reading

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