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User:Malku H₂n̥rés/Afroasiatic consistency

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Introduction

The creation of Proto-Afroasiatic entries requires attested descendants. Because most of Afroasiatic languages are poorly referenced on Wiktionary, the aim of this project is, in the lowest branches, to identify which meanings have referenced words, then to check if these words are cognates to create entries in the lowest reconstructed languages, then with middle branches to create entries in the direct descendants of Proto-Afroasiatic, then to create Proto-Afroasiatic entries. For instance, for Masa<Chadic<Afroasiatic, I will:

  1. see which meanings have words in several Masa languages
  2. check if those words are cognates through phonological evidences
  3. create the Proto-Masa entry for this meaning, thus providing Masa reflexes
  4. do the same thing for Chadic languages to create Proto-Chadic entries
  5. do the same thing for Afroasiatic to create Proto-Afroasiatic entries

Thus each entry of reconstructed language will be reliable thanks to the providing of solid reflexes. For references, they don't need to ensure the inherited reflexes (those refs belong to lower-order entries) but only the PAA reconstruction. If the cognates are enough close and/or the references agree each others, they can be used, because some entries can still be good even if the reference is bad. For instance, Starling is not reliable for PAA in general but one on 40 entries (the rate may be higher but anyway) provides secure inherited reflexes in almost all branches, making the entry reliable, as in *mawVt- (“to die”) which provides, in all branches, reflexes with the same meaning and phonological resemblance. Eventually, Swadesh-list-like (ie. "basic") vocabulary can be securely reconstructed for PAA and so included on Wiktionary in the Reconstructed namespace. See:

  • Orel, Vladimir E., Stolbova, Olga V. (1995) “*mawVt-”, in Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction (Handbuch der Orientalistik; I.18), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Global useful informations

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Model to follow

[edit]
Model to follow
  • For a language:
    • See if it has entries.
      • If yes, switch to the next language.
      • If no:
        • See the entry maintenance, term requests, redlinks, Wikidata, etc. See everything disponible for this language.
        • See the Wikipedia article.
          • If there are links in references, see if they are accessible.
            • If yes, bring them back here.
            • If no, but it seems very reliable (famous book or written by a famous linguist in this domain or part of great groups like Leiden Studies), bring it back too.
          • If the article provides secure vocabulary, bring it back, if possible with the references.
      • Once entries are gathered (created entries or redlinks), put them in the "Meanings" table.

Javascript Regular Expression to convert into standardized entries

[edit]
js regex
  • "^====={{m|(.+-pro)|\*(.+)|t=(.+)|pos=(.+), (.+)}}===== {{rel-top|entry}} (\* {{desc|.+}}.*)+ References (.*) {{rel-bottom}}$"
  • " Reconstruction:$4/$2 {{reconstructed}} ===$4=== ===$5=== {{head|$1|$5}} # [[$3]] ====Descendants==== $6 ===References=== $7 "

Places to find references

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General references templates

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Here are the references related to all the Afroasiatic family, both true templates and simple links which need, for some of them, to become templates due to their their utility. A reference with the qualifier (done) is already put in the reference sections it belongs to.

{{R:WOLD}} (done)

[edit]

Attested lexicon, modern languages, fully reliable, infos at [1].

Languages with vocabulary 1000-2000 entries provided (done)
  • Proto-Berber:
  • Proto-Chadic:
    • West Chadic:
      • Ari Awagana and H. Ekkehard Wolff with Doris Löhr. (2009). Hausa vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  • Proto-Cushitic:
Other Afroasiatic donor languages (thus almost only inherited words here) (done)

{{R:HSED}}

[edit]

Reconstructions at any stage, with provided descendants, generally not reliable, but a few entries still are so they can be used. {{R:HSED|*root-}}.

  • Afroasiatic languages linguistic database from [31] to [32] then search a language family name to see all the linguistic infos about all the starling-referenced languages belonging to this family.
Afroasiatic languages databases (done)

Proto-Afroasiatic: Militarev, Alexander; Stolbova, Olga (2007) Afroasiatic etymological database[33]

  • Proto-Berber: Militarev, Alexander (2006) Berber etymological database[34]
  • Proto-Chadic:
    • Proto-Central Chadic: Stolbova, Olga (2006) Central Chadic etymological database[35]
    • East Chadic: Stolbova, Olga (2006) East Chadic etymological database[36]
    • West Chadic: Stolbova, Olga (2006) West Chadic etymological database[37]
  • Proto-Cushitic:
    • Beja: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Bedauye (Beja) etymological database[38]
    • Central Cushitic (Agaw): Militarev, Alexander (2005) Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymological database[39]
    • East Cushitic:
      • Low East Cushitic: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Low East Cushitic etymological database[40]
        • Saho-Afar: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Saho-Afar etymological database[41]
      • High East Cushitic: Militarev, Alexander (2005) High East Cushitic etymological database[42]
      • Yaaku-Dullay:
        • Dullay: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Warazi etymological database[43]
        • Yaaku: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Mogogodo etymological database[44]
      • Dahalo: Militarev, Alexander (2006) Dahalo etymological database[45]
    • South Cushitic: Militarev, Alexander (2005) South Cushitic etymological database[46]
  • Egyptian: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Egyptian etymological database[47]
  • Proto-Omotic: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Omotic etymological database[48]
  • Proto-Semitic: Militarev, Alexander (2006) Semitic etymological database[49]

{{R:NSWL}} (done)

[edit]
  • “numeral system”, in Numeral Systems of the World's Languages‎[50], (Can we date this quote?)
  • Attested lexicon, modern languages, linguists-provided data: fully reliable.
  • Afroasiatic: [51]

Wikis incubator

[edit]
  • A helpful resource to expand the lexicon of poorly Wiktionary-referenced languages, also provides the ones which have got their own domain since: [52]

Numerals

[edit]
References
  • Numerals from 1 to 10 from zompist.com, then search "Afroasiatic" for interesting potential cognates of numerals only (because it's a single page for a lot languages of any branch and only for numerals, spreading it would have meant putting the same page in every single "language-specific references" section and only for numerals, which would have been a great loss of time and place for this possibly not reliable reference): [53]
[edit]
Links
  • Orel V., Stolbova O., Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction, HSED, Leiden & New York, 1995: [54] (done)
  • Иллич-Свитыч, В. М. [V. M. Illich-Svitych], Материалы к сравнительному словарю ностратических языков (индоевропейский, алтайский, уральский, дравидийский, картвельский, семито-хамитский). // Этимология 1965. [Materials for a Comparative Dictionary of the Nostratic Languages (Indo-European, Altaic, Uralic, Dravidian, Kartvelian, Semito-Hamitic). Etymology 1965.], abbrev name: МССНЯ, publisher: Изд. "Наука". [Nauka publishers], Москва. [Moscow], 1967.: [55] (done)
  • Dolgopolsky - Nostratic Dictionary (2008): [56] (done)
  • Dolgopolsky - Nostratic Dictionary (3rd edition, 2012): [57] (done)
  • Bomhard - Some Nostratic Etymologies: Supplement I: [58] (done)
  • Bengston, John, Ruhlen, Merritt (1994) “Global etymologies (GE)”, in On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy‎[59], Stanford University Press, retrieved 27 June 2020, pages 277–336 (done)


Do not add anything else: new sources related to the whole Afroasiatic family belong in the "References (afa-pro)".


  • [60]: List of Archive.org books related to Afroasiatic (note to me: with this orthography, don't forget to search for <Afro-asiatic>, <Hamito-Semitic> and also <Semitic> and others branches to ensure getting everything!).
  • Library Genesis, a free online Library for (stolen) scholar publications: http:// + gen.lib.rus.ec/

Proto-Berber

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Useful categories (ber-pro)

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Categories

Entries (ber-pro)

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Entries

*~yiwan (“one”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)

[edit]
Entry
  • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏ (yan)
  • Chenoua:
  • Ghadames:
  • Ghomara:
  • Kabyle: yiwen m, yiwet f
  • Moroccan Amazigh:
  • Nefusa:
  • Tunisian Berber:
  • Siwi:
  • Tachawit:
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • Tarifit:
  • Tashelhit:
  • Tayert:
  • Tuareg: iyen (see there for further descendants)
  • Zenaga:

References

*~sin (“two”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)

[edit]
Entry
  • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵙⵉⵏ (sin)
  • Chenoua:
  • Ghadames:
  • Ghomara:
  • Kabyle: sin m, snat f
  • Moroccan Amazigh:
  • Nefusa:
  • Tunisian Berber:
  • Siwi:
  • Tachawit:
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • Tarifit:
  • Tashelhit:
  • Tayert:
  • Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
  • Zenaga:

References

*~karaḍ (“three”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)

[edit]
Entry
  • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴽⵕⴰⴹ (kṛaḍ)
  • Chenoua:
  • Ghadames:
  • Ghomara:
  • Kabyle: kraḍ
  • Moroccan Amazigh:
  • Nefusa:
  • Tunisian Berber:
  • Siwi:
  • Tachawit:
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • Tarifit:
  • Tashelhit:
  • Tayert:
  • Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
  • Zenaga: kaṛaḏ̣

References

*hakkuẓ (“four”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)

[edit]
Entry
  • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴽⴽⵓⵥ (kkuẓ)
  • Chenoua:
  • Ghadames:
  • Ghomara:
  • Kabyle: kuẓ
  • Moroccan Amazigh:
  • Nefusa:
  • Tunisian Berber:
  • Siwi:
  • Tachawit:
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • Tarifit:
  • Tashelhit:
  • Tayert:
  • Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
  • Zenaga:

References

*~sammus (“five”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)

[edit]
Entry
  • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ (smmus)
  • Chenoua:
  • Ghadames:
  • Ghomara:
  • Kabyle: semmus
  • Moroccan Amazigh:
  • Nefusa:
  • Tunisian Berber:
  • Siwi:
  • Tachawit:
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • Tarifit:
  • Tashelhit:
  • Tayert: ṣəṃṃōs
  • Tuareg: semmus (see there for further descendants)
  • Zenaga:

References

*saḍīs (“six”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)

[edit]
Entry
  • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵙⴹⵉⵙ (sḍis)
  • Chenoua:
  • Ghadames:
  • Ghomara:
  • Kabyle: sḍis
  • Moroccan Amazigh:
  • Nefusa:
  • Tunisian Berber:
  • Siwi:
  • Tachawit:
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • Tarifit:
  • Tashelhit:
  • Tayert: səḍīs, ⵙⴻⴹⵉⵙ
  • Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
  • Zenaga: šuḏ̣iš

References

*~sah (“seven”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)

[edit]
Entry
  • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵙⴰ (sa)
  • Chenoua:
  • Ghadames:
  • Ghomara:
  • Kabyle: sa
  • Moroccan Amazigh:
  • Nefusa:
  • Tunisian Berber:
  • Siwi:
  • Tachawit:
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • Tarifit:
  • Tashelhit:
  • Tayert: əṣṣā
  • Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
  • Zenaga:

References

*~tam (“eight”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)

[edit]
Entry
  • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎ (tam)
  • Chenoua:
  • Ghadames:
  • Ghomara:
  • Kabyle: tam
  • Moroccan Amazigh:
  • Nefusa:
  • Tunisian Berber:
  • Siwi:
  • Tachawit:
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • Tarifit:
  • Tashelhit:
  • Tayert:
  • Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
  • Zenaga:

References

*~tiẓah/tuẓah (“nine”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)

[edit]
Entry
  • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵜⵥⴰ (tẓa)
  • Chenoua:
  • Ghadames:
  • Ghomara:
  • Kabyle: tẓa
  • Moroccan Amazigh:
  • Nefusa:
  • Tunisian Berber:
  • Siwi:
  • Tachawit:
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • Tarifit:
  • Tashelhit:
  • Tayert:
  • Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
  • Zenaga: tuḏ̣ah

References

*~maraw (“ten”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)

[edit]
Entry
  • Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵎⵔⴰⵡ (mraw)
  • Chenoua:
  • Ghadames:
  • Ghomara:
  • Kabyle: mraw
  • Moroccan Amazigh:
  • Nefusa:
  • Tunisian Berber:
  • Siwi:
  • Tachawit:
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • Tarifit:
  • Tashelhit:
  • Tayert:
  • Tuareg: ⵎⵔⵓ (Tifinagh), meraw (Latin) (see there for further descendants)
  • Zenaga:

References

*head (“person, man”, Proto-Berber, Noun)

[edit]
Entry
  • Central Atlas Tamazight:
  • Chenoua:
  • Ghadames:
  • Ghomara:
  • Kabyle:
  • Moroccan Amazigh:
  • Nefusa:
  • Tunisian Berber:
  • Siwi:
  • Tachawit:
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • Tarifit:
  • Tashelhit:
  • Tayert:
  • Tetserret: afagan
  • Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
  • Zenaga:

References

Models to fill (ber-pro)

[edit]

*head (“meaning”, Proto-Berber, Class)

[edit]
Entry
  • Central Atlas Tamazight:
  • Chenoua:
  • Ghadames:
  • Ghomara:
  • Kabyle:
  • Moroccan Amazigh:
  • Nefusa:
  • Tunisian Berber:
  • Siwi:
  • Tachawit:
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • Tarifit:
  • Tashelhit:
  • Tayert:
  • Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
  • Zenaga:

References

Descendants (ber-pro)

[edit]

Family tree (ber-pro)

[edit]
Family tree

Meanings (ber-pro)

[edit]
Meanings

To do:

  • Central Atlas Tamazight: (131)
  • Chenoua: (see below)
  • Ghadames: (see below)
  • Ghomara: (see below)
  • Kabyle: (163)
  • Moroccan Amazigh: (78)
  • Nefusa: (see below)
  • Tunisian Berber: (see below)
  • Siwi: (see below)
  • Tachawit: (14)
  • Tarifit: (76)
  • Tashelhit: (26)
  • Tayert:
  • Tetserret:
  • Tuareg: (18) (see there for further descendants)
    • Tamasheq: (see below)
  • Zenaga:

Done:

  • (done) Awjila: imin (“water”)
  • (done) Guanche: ade (“water”)
  • (done) Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "jbe" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF. (nothing)
  • (done) Senhaja De Srair: (nothing)
  • (done) Sokna: aman (“water”)
  • (done) Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • (done) Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "grr" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • (done) Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "tjo" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF. (nothing)
  • (done) Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "tia" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF. (nothing)
  • (done) Tamahaq: (nothing)
  • (done) Tawellemmet: (nothing)
  • (done) Northern Saharan Berber: (nothing)

Reconstructions (ber-pro)

[edit]
Found reconstructions, no matter right or wrong

References (ber-pro)

[edit]
References

General references:

  • Berber Latin alphabet on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
  • {{R:Kossmann 2013}}: [61]
  • {{R:ber:Schuchardt-RLB}}
    • Schuchardt, Hugo (1918) Die romanischen Lehnwörter im Berberischen (Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften; 188, IVth treatise)‎[62] (in German), Wien: In Kommission bei Alfred Hölder, page 1
  • Général Léon Faidherbe, Le Zénaga des tribus sénégalaises[63] (1877), page 1
  • S. Biarnay, Etude sur le dialecte berbère de Ouargla[64], Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1908, page 1
  • Maarten Kossmann, Berber subclassification (preliminary version), Leiden (2011)
  • Sadiqi, Fatima. 1997. Grammaire du berbère. Paris and Montréal: Éditions l’Harmattan[65]. →ISBN
  • Blench, Roger (2018), Reconciling archaeological and linguistic evidence for Berber prehistory[66]
  • Inalco extended website, click on the map: [67]
    • Some free knowledge, but not sure of reliability since it considers Berber as one language: [68]
    • A small lexicon of neologisms: [69]
  • Kossmann, M.G., Stroomer, H.J. (1997), "Berber Phonology", in Phonologies of Asia and Africa, 461 - 475[70]
  • Only the introduction is disponible, possibly the "Ahaggar" is Tamahaq (thv): [71]
  • Berber languages[72]
  • WOLD: Berber: [73]


Proto-Berber references:

  • ¿? (2000), Etudes berbères et chamito-sémitiques[...]: [74]
    • Etudes berbères et chamito-sémitiques: mélanges offerts à Karl-G. Prasse (2000, →ISBN, page 1
  • Starling:
    • Militarev, Alexander (2006) Berber etymological database[75]
  • Proto-Berber kinship words[76]
  • Blench, Roger (2018), Reconciling archaeological and linguistic evidence for Berber prehistory[77]

Language-specific references (ber-pro)

[edit]
References

Central Atlas Tamazight (tzm)

[edit]
  • (done) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [78]
  • Incubator test wikis:
  • (concert manually to Tifinagh and be careful) Central Atlas Tamazight grammar on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
  • Conjugation table: ⵎⵎⴻⵜ (mmet) (should be moved to ⵎⵎⵜ (mmt))
  • (reliable bc official, a dictionary and even more) Official website of the IRCAM (Institut Royal de la Culture AMazighe): [83]

Ghadames (gha)

[edit]
  • (likely outdated) Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1904) Le dialecte berbere de R’edamès‎[85], Paris: Leroux
  • (not reliable, the book says it itself) Lanfry, J. (1973) Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. II, Glossaire (parler des Ayt Waziten)‎[86], [Fort-National]: Le fichier périodique

Ghomara (gho)

[edit]
  • (drawn from the below thesis) Ghomara language on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
  • Mourigh, Khalid (2015) A grammar of Ghomara Berber (thesis)‎[87], Leiden University
  • (fully reliable, outside the transcription I not sure about) El Hannouche, Jamal (2008) Ghomara Berber: A Brief Grammatical Survey (thesis)‎[88]
  • (follows his 2008 thesis above) Jamal El Hannouche, Arabic influence in Ghomara Berber, 2010

Kabyle (kab)

[edit]
  • (done) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [89]
  • Incubator test wikis:

Moroccan Amazigh (zgh)

[edit]

Nefusa (jbn)

[edit]
  • (phonetic: unexploitable as such but useful once entries will be somehow created) Nefusa Swadesh list[96]

Sened (sds)

[edit]

Siwi (siz)

[edit]
  • Siwi language on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
  • (< Arabic, not native) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [97]
  • (inaccessible file) Siwi: [98]
  • The accent function on nouns in Siwi (2 pages only...): [99]
  • (file) Souag (2015) Development of dative agreement in Berber: [100]

Tachawit (shy)

[edit]
  • Incubator test wikis:

Tagargrent (oua)

[edit]
  • (reliable) S. Biarnay, 1908, Étude sur le dialecte berbère de Ouargla[103], Paris: Ernest Leroux
  • (phonetic) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [104]
  • (apparently reliable) René Basset, 1893, Étude sur la Zenatia du Mzab, de Ouargla et de l'Oued-Rir'[105], Paris: Ernest Leroux. (Comparative grammar of Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. (oua, Wargla), Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "tjo" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. (tjo, Oued Righ) and Northern Saharan Berber (mzb, Mozabite))

Tahaggart Tamahaq (thv)

[edit]
  • (French) Manuscript of an unachieved dictionary: [106]

Tamasheq (taq)

[edit]
  • (fully reliable, standard transcription) Heath, Jeffrey. (2005) A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali), Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN[107]
  • (drawn from the above grammar) Tamasheq language on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
  • (find how to standardize the transcription) WOLD: [108]
  • (useless since the above grammar is simply better) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [109]

Tarifit (rif)

[edit]
  • Maarten Kossmann. (2009). Tarifit vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (fully reliable, but written with Kossmann's personal transcription column 1, convert it using column 3 in "Description". Absent characters like <ɣ> mean they undergo no change through the 4 columns. To do: a regex to transcribe automatically)
  • (< Arabic, excepted for 1 and 2 or just 1) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [110]
  • Incubator test wikis:
    • Wikipedia: [111]
      • (assuming it's reliable) Tarifit word list with English translation: [112]

Tashelhit (shi)

[edit]
  • (reliable) Shilha language on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
  • {{reliable, just need transcription for <ʃ>, <ˤ> and <ː>}} Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [113]
  • Incubator test wikis:

Tawallammat-Tamajaq (ttq)

[edit]
  • (Neither phonetic nor a good transcription...) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [116]

Temacine Tamazight (tjo)

[edit]
  • (apparently reliable) René Basset, 1893, Étude sur la Zenatia du Mzab, de Ouargla et de l'Oued-Rir'[117], Paris: Ernest Leroux. (Comparative grammar of Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. (oua, Wargla), Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "tjo" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. (tjo, Oued Righ) and Northern Saharan Berber (mzb, Mozabite))

Tumzabt (mzb)

[edit]
  • (apparently reliable) René Basset, 1893, Étude sur la Zenatia du Mzab, de Ouargla et de l'Oued-Rir'[118], Paris: Ernest Leroux. (Comparative grammar of Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. (oua, Wargla), Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "tjo" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. (tjo, Oued Righ) and Northern Saharan Berber (mzb, Mozabite))

Zenaga (zen)

[edit]
  • (Apparently reliable, transcription from IPA given below) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [119]
  • (reliable, default transcription since Zenaga don't know Tifinagh, but possibly outdated (see modern Tifinagh writing systems)) Général Léon Faidherbe, Le Zénaga des tribus sénégalaises[120] (1877), page 1

Proto-Masa

[edit]

Useful categories (cdc-mas-pro)

[edit]

Descendants (cdc-mas-pro)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (cdc-mas-pro)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Herdé:
  • Marba:
  • Masana:
  • Mesme:
  • Musey:
  • Ngete:
  • Pévé:
  • Zumaya:

References (cdc-mas-pro)

[edit]

Language-specific references (cdc-mas-pro)

[edit]
References

Herdé (hed)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [121]

Marba (mpg)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [122]

Masana (mcn)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [123]

Mesme (zim)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [124]

Musey (mse)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [125]

Pevé (lme)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [126]

Proto-Central Chadic (also called Biu-Mandara)

[edit]

Useful categories (cdc-cbm-pro)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (cdc-cbm-pro)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Afade:
  • Baldemu:
  • Bana:
  • Bata:
  • Boga:
  • Buduma:
  • Bura:
  • Buwal:
  • Cibak:
  • Cineni:
  • Cuvok:
  • Daba:
  • Dghwede:
  • Dugwor:
  • Fali:
  • Ga'anda:
  • Gavar:
  • Gidar:
  • Glavda:
  • Gude:
  • Gudu:
  • Guduf-Gava:
  • Gvoko:
  • Hdi:
  • Huba:
  • Hwana:
  • Hya:
  • Jimjimen:
  • Kamwe:
  • Kirya-Konzel:
  • Kofa:
  • Lagwan:
  • Lamang:
  • Mada (Cameroon):
  • Margi:
  • Matal:
  • Mazagway:
  • Mbara (Chad):
  • Mbudum:
  • Mbuko:
  • Mefele:
  • Merey:
  • Mina:
  • Mofu-Gudur:
  • Moloko:
  • Mpade:
  • Mser:
  • Musgu:
  • Muyang:
  • Nggwahyi:
  • Ngwaba:
  • North Giziga:
  • Nzanyi:
  • Podoko:
  • Psikye:
  • Sharwa:
  • South Giziga:
  • Sukur:
  • Tera:
  • Tsuvan:
  • Uldeme:
  • Wandala:
  • Zizilivakan:
  • Zulgo-Gemzek:

References (cdc-cbm-pro)

[edit]

Language-specific references (cdc-cbm-pro)

[edit]
References

Afade (aal)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [128]

Bana (bcw)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [129]

Boga (bvw)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [130]

Buduma (bdm)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [131]

Bura (bwr)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [132]

Buwal (bhs)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [133]

Cibak (ckl)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [134]

Cineni (cie)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [135]

Cuvok (cuv)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [136]

Daba (dbq)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [137]

Dghwede (dgh)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [138]

Dugwor (dme)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [139]

Fali (fli)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [140]

Ga'anda (gqa)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [141]

Gavar (gou)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [142]

Gidar (gid)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [143]

Glavda (glw)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [144]

Gude (gde)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [145]

Gudu (gdu)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [146]

Guduf-Gava (gdf)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [147]

Gvoko (ngs)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [148]

Hdi (xed)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [149]

Huba (hbb)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [150]

Hwana (hwo)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [151]

Hya (hya)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [152]

Jimjimen (jim)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [153]

Kamwe (hig)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [154]

Lagwan (kot)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [155]

Lamang (hia)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [156]

Mada (Cameroon) (mxu)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [157]

Margi (mrt)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages (Central Margi): [158]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages (South Margi): [159]

Matal (mfh)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [160]

Mbara (Chad) (mpk)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [161]

Mbudum (xmd)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [162]

Mbuko (mqb)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [163]

Mefele (mfj)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [164]

Merey (meq)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [165]

Mina (hna)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [166]

Mofu-Gudur (mif)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [167]

Moloko (mlw)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [168]

Mpade (mpi)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [169]

Musgu (mug)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [170]

Muyang (muy)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [171]

Nggwahyi (ngx)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [172]

North Giziga (gis)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [173]

Nzanyi (nja)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [174]

Psikye (kvj)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [175]

South Giziga (giz)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [176]

Sukur (syk)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [177]

Tera (ttr)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [178]

Wandala (mfi)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [179]
  • WOLD: [180]

Zizilivakan (ziz)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [181]

Zulgo-Gemzek (gnd)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [182]

East Chadic (etymology only)

[edit]

Useful categories (cdc-est)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (cdc-est)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Barein:
  • Bidiyo:
  • Birgit:
  • Boor:
  • Buso:
  • Dangaléat:
  • Gadang:
  • Kabalai:
  • Kajakse:
  • Kera:
  • Kimré:
  • Kwang:
  • Lele (Chad):
  • Mawa:
  • Migaama:
  • Mogum:
  • Mubi:
  • Nancere:
  • Ndam:
  • Saba:
  • Sarua:
  • Sokoro:
  • Somrai:
  • Tobanga:
  • Toram:
  • Tumak:
  • Zirenkel:

References (cdc-est)

[edit]

Language-specific references (cdc-est)

[edit]
References

Barein (bva)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [184]

Bidiyo (bid)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [185]

Dangléat (daa)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [186]

Kera (ker)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [187]

Kimré (kqp)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [188]

Kwang (kvi)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [189]

Lele (Chad) (lln)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [190]

Mawa (mcw)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [191]

Migaama (mmy)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [192]

Mogum (mou)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [193]

Mubi (mub)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [194]

Nancere (nnc)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [195]

Sokoro (sok)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [196]

Somrai (sor)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [197]

Tumak (tmc)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [198]

West Chadic (etymology only)

[edit]

Useful categories (cdc-wst)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (cdc-wst)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Ajawa:
  • Auyokawa:
  • Bade:
  • Beele:
  • Boghom:
  • Bole:
  • Cakfem-Mushere:
  • Ciwogai:
  • Dass:
  • Diri:
  • Duhwa:
  • Duwai:
  • Fyer:
  • Galambu:
  • Geji:
  • Gera:
  • Gerka:
  • Geruma:
  • Goemai:
  • Guruntum:
  • Gwandara:
  • Hausa: (see there for further descendants)
  • Jimi:
  • Karekare:
  • Kariya:
  • Kholok:
  • Kir-Balar:
  • Kirfi:
  • Koenoem:
  • Kofyar:
  • Kulere:
  • Kushi:
  • Kutto:
  • Kwaami:
  • Luri (Nigeria):
  • Maaka:
  • Mangas:
  • Mburku:
  • Miship:
  • Miya:
  • Montol:
  • Mundat:
  • Mwaghavul:
  • Ngamo:
  • Ngas:
  • Ngizim:
  • Nyam:
  • Pa'a:
  • Pero:
  • Ron:
  • Saya:
  • Sha:
  • Siri:
  • Tal:
  • Tala:
  • Tambas:
  • Tangale:
  • Zangwal:
  • Zari:
  • Zumbun:

References (cdc-wst)

[edit]

Language-specific references (cdc-wst)

[edit]
References

Bade (bde)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [201]

Beele (bxq)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [202]

Boghom (bux)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [203]

Bole (bol)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [204]

Dass (dot)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [205]

Diri (dwa)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [206]

Duwai (dbp)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [207]

Galambu (glo)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [208]

Geji (gji)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [209]

Gera (gew)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [210]

Geruma (gea)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [211]

Goemai (ank)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [212]

Guruntum (grd)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [213]

Gwandara (gwn)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [214]

Hausa (ha)

[edit]

Jimi (jmi)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [217]

Karekare (kai)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [218]

Kholok (ktc)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [219]

Kofyar (kwl)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [220]

Kushi (kuh)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [221]

Kutto (kpa)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [222]

Kwaami (ksq)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [223]

Maaka (mew)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [224]

Mangas (zns)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [225]

Miship (mjs)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [226]

Miya (mkf)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [227]

Mwaghavul (sur)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [228]

Ngamo (nbh)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [229]

Ngas (anc)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [230]

Ngizim (ngi)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [231]

Nyam (nmi)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [232]

Pero (pip)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [233]

Ron (cla)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [234]

Saya (say)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [235]

Tangale (tan)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [236]

Zangwal (zah)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [237]

Proto-Chadic

[edit]

Useful categories (cdc-pro)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (cdc-pro)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Bacama:
  • Bure:
  • Proto-Central Chadic: (see there for further descendants)
  • Deno:
  • East Chadic:
    • Barein:
    • Bidiyo:
    • Birgit:
    • Boor:
    • Buso:
    • Dangaléat:
    • Gadang:
    • Kabalai:
    • Kajakse:
    • Kera:
    • Kimré:
    • Kwang:
    • Lele (Chad):
    • Mawa:
    • Migaama:
    • Mogum:
    • Mubi:
    • Nancere:
    • Ndam:
    • Saba:
    • Sarua:
    • Sokoro:
    • Somrai:
    • Tobanga:
    • Toram:
    • Tumak:
    • Zirenkel:
  • Gabri:
  • Holma:
  • Jara:
  • Kanakuru:
  • Kubi:
  • Majera:
  • Proto-Masa: (see there for further descendants)
  • Tamki:
  • West Chadic:
    • Ajawa:
    • Auyokawa:
    • Bade:
    • Beele:
    • Boghom:
    • Bole:
    • Cakfem-Mushere:
    • Ciwogai:
    • Dass:
    • Diri:
    • Duhwa:
    • Duwai:
    • Fyer:
    • Galambu:
    • Geji:
    • Gera:
    • Gerka:
    • Geruma:
    • Goemai:
    • Guruntum:
    • Gwandara:
    • Hausa: (see there for further descendants)
    • Jimi:
    • Karekare:
    • Kariya:
    • Kholok:
    • Kir-Balar:
    • Kirfi:
    • Koenoem:
    • Kofyar:
    • Kulere:
    • Kushi:
    • Kutto:
    • Kwaami:
    • Luri (Nigeria):
    • Maaka:
    • Mangas:
    • Mburku:
    • Miship:
    • Miya:
    • Montol:
    • Mundat:
    • Mwaghavul:
    • Ngamo:
    • Ngas:
    • Ngizim:
    • Nyam:
    • Pa'a:
    • Pero:
    • Ron:
    • Saya:
    • Sha:
    • Siri:
    • Tal:
    • Tala:
    • Tambas:
    • Tangale:
    • Zangwal:
    • Zari:
    • Zumbun:
  • Zeem:

References (cdc-pro)

[edit]
References

Language-specific references (cdc-pro)

[edit]
References

Bacama (bcy)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [240]

Bure (bvh)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [241]

Gabri (gab)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [242]

To standardize, sort and put in the sections of the right Chadic branches

[edit]

Proto-Cushitic

[edit]

Useful categories (cus-pro)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (cus-pro)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Aasax:
  • Afar:
  • Alaba:
  • Alagwa:
  • Arbore:
  • Ashraaf:
  • Aweer:
  • Awngi:
  • Baiso:
  • Beja:
  • Blin:
  • Boon:
  • Burji:
  • Burunge:
  • Bussa:
  • Daasanach:
  • Dabarre:
  • Dahalo:
  • Dirasha:
  • El Molo:
  • Garre:
  • Gawwada:
  • Gedeo:
  • Gorowa:
  • Hadiyya:
  • Iraqw:
  • Jiiddu:
  • Kambaata:
  • Khonso:
  • Kw'adza:
  • Libido:
  • Maay:
  • Ongota:
  • Oromo:
  • Qimant:
  • Rendille:
  • Saho:
  • Sidamo:
  • Somali:
  • Tsamai:
  • Tunni:
  • Waata:
  • Xamtanga:
  • Yaaku:

References (cus-pro)

[edit]
References
  • Template:ref template name
  • Starling:
    • Beja: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Bedauye (Beja) etymological database[245]
    • Central Cushitic (Agaw): Militarev, Alexander (2005) Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymological database[246]
    • East Cushitic:
      • Low East Cushitic: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Low East Cushitic etymological database[247]
        • Saho-Afar: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Saho-Afar etymological database[248]
      • High East Cushitic: Militarev, Alexander (2005) High East Cushitic etymological database[249]
      • Yaaku-Dullay:
        • Dullay: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Warazi etymological database[250]
        • Yaaku: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Mogogodo etymological database[251]
      • Dahalo: Militarev, Alexander (2006) Dahalo etymological database[252]
    • South Cushitic: Militarev, Alexander (2005) South Cushitic etymological database[253]

Language-specific references (cus-pro)

[edit]
References

South Cushitic

[edit]

Afar (aa)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [255]

Alaba (alw)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [256]

Alagwa (wbj)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [257]

Arbore (arv)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [258]

Awngi (awn)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [259]

Baiso (bsw)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [260]

Beja (bej)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [261]

Blin (byn)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [262]

Boon (bnl)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [263]

Burji (bji)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [264]

Burunge (bds)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [265]

Bussa (dox)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [266]

Daasanach (dsh)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [267]

Dahalo (dal)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [268]

Dirasha (gdl)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [269]

El Molo (elo)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [270]

Garre (gex)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [271]

Gawwada (gwd)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [272]
  • {{R:WOLD|gwd|3|Mauro Tosco|2009}}

Gedeo (drs)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [273]

Gorowa (gow)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [274]

Hadiyya (hdy)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [275]

Iraqw (irk)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [276]
  • {{R:WOLD|irk|2|Maarten Mous|2009}}

Kambaata (ktb)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [277]

Khonso (kxc)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [278]
  • WOLD:[279]

Libido (liq)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [280]

Ongota (bxe)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [281]

Oromo (om)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages (West Central Oromo): [282]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages (Orma): [283]
  • WOLD:

Qimant (ahg)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [286]

Rendille (rel)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [287]

Saho (ssy)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [288]

Sidamo (sid)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [289]

Somali (so)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [290]

Tsamai (tsb)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [291]

Tunni (tqq)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [292]

Xamtanga (xan)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [293]

Egyptian

[edit]

Useful categories (egy)

[edit]

a noun here

References (egy)

[edit]
References

Proto-Aroid

[edit]

Useful categories (omv-aro-pro)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (omv-aro-pro)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Aari:
  • Dime:
  • Gayil:
  • Hamer-Banna:
  • Karo:

References (omv-aro-pro)

[edit]

Language-specific references (omv-aro-pro)

[edit]
References

Aari (aiw)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [297]

Dime (dim)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [298]

Hamer-Banna (amf)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [299]

Proto-Dizoid

[edit]

Useful categories (omv-diz-pro)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (omv-diz-pro)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Dizin:
  • Nayi:
  • Sheko:

References (omv-diz-pro)

[edit]

Language-specific references (omv-diz-pro)

[edit]
References

Dizin (mdx)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [301]

Nayi (noz)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [302]

Sheko (she)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [303]
  • Anne-Christie Hellenthal (2010) A grammar of Sheko:[304]

Proto-Gonga (etymology only)

[edit]

Useful categories (omv-gon)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (omv-gon)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Anfillo:
  • Kafa:
  • Shekkacho:
  • Shinasha:

References (omv-gon)

[edit]

Language-specific references (omv-gon)

[edit]
References

Anfillo (myo)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [305]

Kafa (kbr)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [306]

Shekkacho (moy)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [307]

Shinasha (bwo)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [308]

Proto-Mao (etymology only)

[edit]

Useful categories (omv-mao)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (omv-mao)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Bambassi:
  • Ganza:
  • Hozo:
  • Seze:

References (omv-mao)

[edit]

Language-specific references (omv-mao)

[edit]
References

Bambassi (myf)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [309]

Hozo (hoz)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [310]

Seze (sze)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [311]

Proto-East Ometo (etymology only)

[edit]

Useful categories (omv-eom)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (omv-eom)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Kachama-Ganjule:
  • Koorete:
  • Zayse-Zergulla:

References (omv-eom)

[edit]

Language-specific references (omv-eom)

[edit]
References

Koorete (kqy)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [312]

Zayse-Zergulla (zay)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [313]

Proto-North Ometo (etymology only)

[edit]

Useful categories (omv-nom)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (omv-nom)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Dawro:
  • Dorze:
  • Gamo:
  • Gofa:
  • Melo:
  • Oyda:
  • Wolaytta:

References (omv-nom)

[edit]

Language-specific references (omv-nom)

[edit]
References

Wolaytta (wal)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [314]

Proto-Ometo (etymology only)

[edit]

Useful categories (omv-ome)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (omv-ome)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Basketo:
  • East Ometo:
    • Kachama-Ganjule:
    • Koorete:
    • Zayse-Zergulla:
  • Maale:
  • North Ometo:
    • Dawro:
    • Dorze:
    • Gamo:
    • Gofa:
    • Melo:
    • Oyda:
    • Wolaytta:

References (omv-ome)

[edit]

Language-specific references (omv-ome)

[edit]
References

Basketo (bst)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [315]

Maale (mdy)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [316]

Proto-Omotic

[edit]

Useful categories (omv-pro)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (omv-pro)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Proto-Aroid: (see there for further descendants)
  • Bench:
  • Chara:
  • Proto-Dizoid: (see there for further descendants)
  • Gonga:
    • Anfillo:
    • Kafa:
    • Shekkacho:
    • Shinasha:
  • Mao:
    • Bambassi:
    • Ganza:
    • Hozo:
    • Seze:
  • Ometo:
    • Basketo:
    • East Ometo:
      • Kachama-Ganjule:
      • Koorete:
      • Zayse-Zergulla:
    • Maale:
    • North Ometo:
      • Dawro:
      • Dorze:
      • Gamo:
      • Gofa:
      • Melo:
      • Oyda:
      • Wolaytta:
  • Yemsa:

References (omv-pro)

[edit]

Language-specific references (omv-pro)

[edit]
References

Bench (bcq)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [319]

Chara (cra)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [320]

Yemsa (jnj)

[edit]
  • Numeral Systems of the World's Languages: [321]

Proto-Semitic

[edit]

Useful categories (sem-pro)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (sem-pro)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Ancient North Arabian:
  • Chaha:
  • East Semitic:
    • Akkadian:
    • Eblaite:
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "sem-him" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
  • Shehri:
  • West Semitic:
    • Central Semitic:
      • Arabic: (see there for further descendants)
      • Dadanitic:
      • Dumaitic:
      • Hasaitic:
      • Hismaic:
      • Northwest Semitic:
        • Amorite:
        • Aramaic: (see there for further descendants)
        • Canaanite:
          • Ammonite:
          • Edomite:
          • Hebrew:
          • Moabite:
          • Phoenician: (see there for further descendants)
          • Samaritan Hebrew:
        • Ugaritic:
      • Old South Arabian:
        • Minaean:
        • Old South Arabian: (see there for further descendants)
        • Qatabanian:
        • Sabaean:
      • Safaitic:
      • Taymanitic:
      • Thamudic:
    • South Semitic:
      • Ethiopian Semitic:
        • Amharic:
        • Argobba:
        • Dahalik:
        • Gafat:
        • Ge'ez:
        • Harari:
        • Inor:
        • Kistane:
        • Mesmes:
        • Mesqan:
        • Muher:
        • Sebat Bet Gurage:
        • Silt'e:
        • Tigre:
        • Tigrinya:
        • Wolane:
        • Zay:
      • South Arabian:
        • Bathari:
        • Harsusi:
        • Hobyót:
        • Mehri:
        • Soqotri:

References (sem-pro)

[edit]
References

Language-specific references (sem-pro)

[edit]
References

Akkadian (akk)

[edit]

Amharic (am)

[edit]

Arabic (ar)

[edit]

Ge'ez (gez)

[edit]

Hebrew (he)

[edit]

Phoenician (phn) and Punic (xpu)

[edit]

Meroitic

[edit]

Useful categories (xmr)

[edit]

a noun here

References (xmr)

[edit]

Numidian

[edit]

Useful categories (nxm)

[edit]

a noun here

References (nxm)

[edit]

Proto-Afroasiatic

[edit]

Useful categories (afa-pro)

[edit]

Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

Descendants (afa-pro)

[edit]
Family tree
Tree to fill
  • Proto-Berber: (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Chadic: (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Cushitic: (see there for further descendants)
  • Egyptian: (see there for further descendants)
  • Meroitic:
  • Numidian:
  • Proto-Omotic: (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Semitic: (see there for further descendants)

References (afa-pro)

[edit]
References
  • Template:ref template name
  • Orel V., Stolbova O., Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction, HSED, Leiden & New York, 1995: [340]
    • only good reconstructions to put ( with lots of descendants, matching semantics and phonological correspondences)
  • Иллич-Свитыч, В. М. [V. M. Illich-Svitych], Материалы к сравнительному словарю ностратических языков (индоевропейский, алтайский, уральский, дравидийский, картвельский, семито-хамитский). // Этимология 1965. [Materials for a Comparative Dictionary of the Nostratic Languages (Indo-European, Altaic, Uralic, Dravidian, Kartvelian, Semito-Hamitic). Etymology 1965.], abbrev name: МССНЯ, publisher: Изд. "Наука". [Nauka publishers], Москва. [Moscow], 1967.: [341]
  • WOLD: [342]
  • Militarev, Alexander; Stolbova, Olga (2007) Afroasiatic etymological database[343]
  • Dolgopolsky - Nostratic Dictionary (2008): [[344]]
  • Dolgopolsky - Nostratic Dictionary (3rd edition, 2012): [345]
  • Bomhard - Some Nostratic Etymologies: Supplement I: [346]
  • Bengston, John, Ruhlen, Merritt (1994) “Global etymologies (GE)”, in On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy‎[347], Stanford University Press, retrieved 27 June 2020, pages 277–336
  • Takacs, Gabor, Etymological Dictionary of Old Egyptian: [348]
  • An interesting Wiktionary user page from Jaspet with redlink-linking entries and meanings for PAA and some lower-order reconstructed languages: User:Jaspet/Afro-Asiatic_protolanguage_redlinks
  • {{R:TNMASiDLR}}: [349]
  • {{R:ACPV}}
  • {{R:RPAPA}}
    • Ehret, Christopher (1995) Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics; 126)‎[351], Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, →ISBN.
  • A book on African archaeology but mostly linguistics, particularly historical linguistics of the Afroasiatic family: [352]
  • König, Christa (2008) Case in Africa, Oxford University Press, →ISBN: [353]
  • Heine, Bernd, Derek Nurse (2000) African languages: an introduction, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 1: [354]
  • A critique of HSD and Ehret's Dictionary (showing, as in the introduction of this page, that unfortunately both dictionaries are mostly bullshit, but "30 to 100" entries may remain reliable): [355]

Further

[edit]

This section is meant to gather resemblance or even lookalikes between PAA and other reconstructed languages. It will begin only when I would have expanded seriously PAA reconstructions on Wiktionary.

Reconstructed language name

[edit]

Phonetics

[edit]

Phonology

[edit]
Phonotax (or phonotactics in English ?)
[edit]
Regular correspondences
[edit]

Morphology

[edit]
Morphophonology
[edit]
Morphosyntax
[edit]

Syntax

[edit]

Semantics

[edit]
Potential cognates
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=User:Malku_H₂n̥rés/Afroasiatic_consistency&oldid=83450252"