User:Alexlin01/NH cognates/Grammar

Reconstructions

Pronouns

*'ŋo.Zi ~ 'ŋo.hi

1st Person Singular Pronoun

• West Makian: de (< 'ŋoZi, without the initial ŋo-, either lost, or never having had)
• Proto-Galela-Loloda: *'ŋo.Zi ~ 'ŋo.hi
  • Galela: ngohi (appears to continue *ŋohi)
  • Loloda: ngoji
• Tobelo: ngohi (could derive from either)
• Pagu: ngoi (< *ŋohi)
• Tabaru: ngoi (< *ŋohi)
• Sahu: ngoi (< *ŋohi)
• Proto-Ternate-Tidore: *'ŋo.ri (< *ŋoZi)
  • Ternate: ngori
  • Tidore: ngori

*'ŋo.na

2nd Person Singular Pronoun

• West Makian: ni (?)
• Galela: ngona
• Loloda: ngona
• Tobelo: ngona
• Sahu: ngana
• Tabaru: ngona
• Proto-Ternate-Tidore: *'ŋo.na
  • Ternate: ngana
  • Tidore: ngona

*'u.na(ŋ)

3rd Person Singular Masculine Pronoun

• Proto-Galela-Loloda: *'u.na
  • Galela: una
  • Loloda: una
• Tobelo: unanga
• Pagu: unang
• Modole: una
• Sahu: unanga
• Proto-Ternate-Tidore: *'u.na
  • Ternate: una
  • Tidore: una

*'mu.na(ŋ)

3rd Person Singular Feminine Pronoun

• Proto-Galela-Loloda: *'mu.na
  • Galela: muna
  • Loloda: muna
• Tobelo: munanga
• Pagu: munang
• Modole: muna
• Sahu: munanga
• Proto-Ternate-Tidore: *'mi.na (??)
  • Ternate: mina
  • Tidore: mina

*'ŋo.ne

1st Person Plural Inclusive Pronoun

• West Makian: ene (possibly?)
• Galela: ngone
• Loloda: ngone
• Sahu: ngene
• Ternate: ngone
• Tidore: ngone

*'ŋo.mi

1st Person Plural Exclusive Pronoun

• West Makian: imi (possibly?)
• Galela: ngomi
• Loloda: ngomi
• Sahu: ngomi
• Ternate: ngomi
• Tidore: ngomi

*'ŋo.ni

2nd Person Plural Pronoun

• West Makian: ini (possibly?)
• Galela: ngini
• Loloda: ngini
• Tobelo: ngini
• Tabaru: ngini
• Sahu: ngini
• Proto-Ternate-Tidore: *'ŋo.ni
  • Ternate: ngoni
  • Tidore: ngoni

*'o.na(ŋ)

3rd Person Plural Human Pronoun

• Galela: ona
• Loloda: ona, onanga (Baarda only has ona, Wada has onanga)
• Tobelo: onanga
• Sahu: ananga
• Proto-Ternate-Tidore: *'o.na
  • Ternate: ana
  • Tidore: ona

*'e.naŋ

3rd Person Plural Non-Human Pronoun

• Tobelo: enanga
• Sahu: enanga
• Proto-Ternate-Tidore: *'e.na
  • Ternate: ena
  • Tidore: ena