Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/skappjan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *skapjaną.

Verb

*skappjan

1. to make, to create

Inflection

Strong class 6 j-present
Infinitive	*skappjan
1st sg. past	*skōp
3rd pl. past	*skōpun
Past ptcple	*skapan
Infinitive	*skappjan
Genitive infin.	*skappjannjas
Dative infin.	*skappjannjē
Instrum. infin.	*skappjannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*skappju	*skōp
2nd singular	*skapiʀi	*skōpī
3rd singular	*skapidi	*skōp
1st plural	*skappjum	*skōpum
2nd plural	*skapid	*skōpud
3rd plural	*skappjand	*skōpun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*skappjē	*skōpī
2nd singular	*skappjēs	*skōpī
3rd singular	*skappjē	*skōpī
1st plural	*skappjēm	*skōpīm
2nd plural	*skappjēþ	*skōpīd
3rd plural	*skappjēn	*skōpīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*skapi
Plural	*skapid
	Present	Past
Participle	*skappjandī	*skapan

Related terms

• *skap

Descendants

• Old English: sċieppan, sċyppan, sċippan
  • Middle English: scheppen, schippen, schappen, schapen
    • English: shape
    • Scots: schape, schaipe
• Old Frisian: skeppa
  • Saterland Frisian: skäppe, schäppe
  • West Frisian: skeppe
• Old Saxon: skeppian
  • Middle Low German: scheppen
    • Low German: schapen
• Old Dutch: skeppen
  • Middle Dutch: scheppen
    • Dutch: scheppen
      • Afrikaans: skep
    • Limburgish: sjape
• Old High German: scafan, skaffan, scaphan, skepfen, scephen
  • Middle High German: schaffen, schepfen
    • Alemannic German: schaffe

      Swabian: schaffa

    • German: schöpfen (archaic), schaffen
      • → Low German: schaffen
      • → Dutch: schaffen
        • Afrikaans: skaf
      • → Saterland Frisian: skafje, schafje
      • → Danish: skaffe
      • → Faroese: skaffa
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: skaffe
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: skaffe, skaffa
      • → Swedish: skaffa
    • Luxembourgish: schafen
    • Yiddish: שעפּן (shepn)

Etymology 2

From *skap (“hollow object, barrel, cup”) +‎ *-jan.

Verb

*skappjan

1. to hollow out
2. to scoop
3. to dig

Inflection

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	*skappjan
1st sg. past	*skapidā
Infinitive	*skappjan
Genitive infin.	*skappjannjas
Dative infin.	*skappjannjē
Instrum. infin.	*skappjannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*skappju	*skapidā
2nd singular	*skapisi	*skapidēs, *skapidōs
3rd singular	*skapiþi	*skapidē, *skapidā
1st plural	*skappjum	*skapidum
2nd plural	*skapiþ	*skapidud
3rd plural	*skappjanþ	*skapidun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*skappjē	*skapidī
2nd singular	*skappjēs	*skapidī
3rd singular	*skappjē	*skapidī
1st plural	*skappjēm	*skapidīm
2nd plural	*skappjēþ	*skapidīd
3rd plural	*skappjēn	*skapidīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*skapi
Plural	*skapiþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*skappjandī	*skapid

Descendants

• Old Frisian: *skeppa
  • West Frisian: skeppe
  • ⇒ Old Frisian: skeppene (a scoop)
• Old Saxon: skeppian
  • Middle Low German: scheppen
    • German Low German: scheppen
• Old Dutch: skeppen
  • Middle Dutch: scheppen
    • Dutch: scheppen
      • Afrikaans: skep
• Old High German: skepfen, scephen
  • Middle High German: schepfen
    • German: schöpfen