Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/harjatogō

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Suggested to be a calque of Ancient Greek στρατηγός (stratēgós) (from στρατός (stratós, “army”) +‎ ἄγω (ágō, “to lead”) +‎ -ος (-os)), from *hari (“army”) +‎ *togō (“leader”) (compare *teuhan (“to lead, pull”)).^[1]^[2] Alternatively inherited from Proto-Germanic *harjatugô, if Old Norse hertogi isn't borrowed from Middle Low German^[3].

Noun

*harjatogō m

army leader, commander, general

Inflection

Masculine an-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*harjatogō
Genitive	harjatugini, harjatogan
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*harjatogō	*harjatogan
Accusative	*harjatogan	*harjatogan
Genitive	harjatugini, harjatogan	*harjatoganō
Dative	harjatugini, harjatogan	*harjatogum
Instrumental	harjatugini, harjatogan	*harjatogum

Alternative reconstructions

*haritogō^[4]

Descendants

Old English: heretoga
- Middle English: heretowa, heretoȝe, heretogh, heretoȝæ, heretoche
  - → English: heretog
- → English: heretoga
Old Frisian: hertoga
- Saterland Frisian: Heertoch
- West Frisian: hartoch
Old Saxon: heritogo
- Middle Low German: hertōge, hertoch
  - German Low German:
    Lippisch: Hertog
  - →? Old Norse: hertogi
    - Icelandic: hertogi
    - Faroese: hertogi
    - Norwegian:
      Norwegian Bokmål: hertug
      Norwegian Nynorsk: hertug
    - Swedish: hertig
    - Danish: hertug
Old Dutch: *heritogo
- Middle Dutch: hertōge
  - Dutch: hertog
    - Afrikaans: hertog
Old High German: herizogo, herizoho
- Middle High German: herzoge, herzog
  - German: Herzog, Hertzog (obsolete)
    - → Albanian: hercog
    - → Bulgarian: херцо́г (hercóg)
    - → Saterland Frisian: Härtsoch
    - → Georgian: ჰერცოგი (hercogi)
    - → Hungarian: herceg
    - → Latgalian: gercogs
    - → Latvian: hercogs
    - → Lithuanian: hercogas
    - → Luxembourgish: Herzog
    - → Ottoman Turkish: هرسك (hersek)
      - Turkish: Hersek
      - → Armenian: Հէրսէք (Hērsēkʻ)
      - → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܸܪܣܲܟ݂ (hirsaḵ)
    - → Russian: ге́рцог (gércog)
      - → Azerbaijani: hersoq
      - → Uzbek: gersog
    - → Translingual: Herzogiella
    - → Ukrainian: ге́рцог (hércoh)
    - → Saterland Frisian: Härtsoch
    - → Serbo-Croatian: Херцег
      - Serbo-Croatian: Хѐрцеговина
        → English: Herzegovina
  - Yiddish: הערצאָג (hertsog)
  - → Slovak: herzog

References

^ Friedrich Kluge (1989) “307”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page Herzog: “*harja-tug(ōn)”
^ Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “hertoga”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 168
^ Hellquist, Elof (1922) “hertig”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary]‎^[1] (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, page 234
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 218: “WGmc *hari-togō ‘commander of a (late Roman) mobile Weld force, dux’”

[1] Friedrich Kluge (1989) “307”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page Herzog: “*harja-tug(ōn)”

[2] Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “hertoga”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 168

[3] Hellquist, Elof (1922) “hertig”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary]‎^[1] (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, page 234

[4] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 218: “WGmc *hari-togō ‘commander of a (late Roman) mobile Weld force, dux’”

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