Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yïr

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Noun

*yïr

1. song

Declension

Declension of *yïr

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*yïr
Accusative	*yïrïg, *yïrnï1)
Genitive	*yïrnïŋ
Dative	*yïrka
Locative	*yïrta
Ablative	*yïrtan
Allative	*yïrgaru
Instrumental 2)	*yïrïn
Equative 2)	*yïrča
Similative 2)	*yïrlayu
Comitative 2)	*yïrlïgu

¹⁾ Originally only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

• Oghur
  • Chuvash: юрӑ (jură)
• Common Turkic: *yïr

• Oghuz
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Ottoman Turkish: ییر (yır), ایر (ır)
      • Turkish: yır, ır
  • Salar: yür
• Karluk
  • Karakhanid: یِرْ (yïr), اِرْ (ïr)
• Kipchak
  • North Kipchak
    • Bashkir: йыр (yır)
    • Tatar: җыр (cır)
  • West Kipchak
    • Kumyk: йыр (yır)
    • Karachay-Balkar: джыр (cır)
    • Crimean Tatar: yır
  • East Kipchak
    • Kyrgyz: ыр (ır)
    • Southern Altai: ыр (ïr)
  • South Kipchak
    • Karakalpak: жыр
    • Kazakh: жыр (jyr)
    • Nogai: йыр (yır)
• Siberian
  • North Siberian
    • Dolgan: ырыа
    • Yakut: ырыа (ırıa)
  • South Siberian
    • Chulym: ыр
    • Northern Altai: ыр (ïr)
    • Khakas: ыр (ır)
    • Shor: ыр
    • Tofa: ыр
    • Tuvan: ыр (ır)
    • Western Yugur: yer

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 192
• Doerfer, Gerhard (1975) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 21)‎^[1] (in German), volume IV, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, page 233
• Sevortjan, E. V., Levitskaja, L. S. (1989) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Nauka, page 285
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, pages 166, 201
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ɨr”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jɨr”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[3], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 610