Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/toprak

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”) +‎ *-ak (diminutive suffix).

Compare Proto-Mongolic *toxurag (“dust”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Also related to Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan). This in turn goes back to Proto-Turkic *topur-.

Noun

*toprak

1. soil

Declension

Declension of *toprak

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*toprak
Accusative	*toprakïg, *topraknï1)
Genitive	*topraknïŋ
Dative	*toprakka
Locative	*toprakda
Ablative	*toprakdan
Allative	*toprakgaru
Instrumental 2)	*toprakïn
Equative 2)	*toprakča
Similative 2)	*topraklayu
Comitative 2)	*topraklïgu

¹⁾ Originally only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

• → Proto-Mongolic: *toxurag
  • Mongolian: товрог (tovrog)
• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: тӑпра (tăpra)
• Common Turkic:

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: turpâq
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: طپراق
    • Azerbaijani: torpaq
    • Ottoman Turkish: طوپراق
      • Turkish: toprak
      • Gagauz: toprak
  • Salar: tōraq
  • Turkmen: toprak
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: تُبْراقْ (toprāq)
    • Uzbek: tuproq
    • Uyghur: تۇپراق (tupraq)
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: тупраҡ (tupraq)
    • Tatar: туфрак (tufraq)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: topraq
    • Kumyk: топуракъ (topuraq)
    • Karachay-Balkar: топракъ (topraq)
    • Karaim: топракъ, топрах
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Karakalpak: topi’raq
      • Kazakh: топырақ (topyraq)
      • Nogai: топырак (topırak)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: топурак (topurak)
      • Southern Altai: тобрак (tobrak)
• Siberian:
  • Old Uyghur: twpr?՚?q? (tupraq)
    • Western Yugur: torvaq
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: тобурах (toburaq, “hail; dust”)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Tuvan: довурак (dovurak)
      • Tofa: тоъпраӄ
    • Yenisei Turkic:
      • Khakas: тобырах (tobırax)
      • Shor: тобрақ

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “topra:k”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 443
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*topra-k”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill