Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kǖd-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From *kǖ- (“to wait; to wait for”) +‎ *-d.

However, the exact morphological nature of some of the descendants with final -t are uncertain. There have been multiple theories:

Clauson and Nishanyan suggest that they are simply variants of *kǖd-.
Nishanyan also suggests a backformation from a past form *kǖtti, compare the causative form *kǖttür- (“to make wait; to make graze”).
EDAL and Nishanyan also suggest a derivation *kǖd- +‎ *-üt-.
ESTJa suggests a derivation *kǖ- +‎ *-t-.

Verb

*kǖd-

Conjugation

Conjugation of *kǖd- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive

infinitive			*kǖdmek
participle	present		*kǖdgen, kǖdügme, kǖder
	past		*kǖddük, kǖdmiš
	future		*kǖddeči, kǖdmekči, kǖdsik, kǖdeček
verbal noun			*kǖdme, kǖdüg, kǖdgü
way of doing			*kǖdüš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*kǖder ben	*kǖder sen	*kǖder	*kǖder biz	*kǖder siz	*kǖder
	past	simple	*kǖddüm	*kǖddüŋ	*kǖddi	*kǖddük, kǖddümüz	*kǖddüŋüz	*kǖddi
	past	inferential	*kǖdmiš ben	*kǖdmiš sen	*kǖdmiš	*kǖdmiš biz	*kǖdmiš siz	*kǖdmiš
	future	simple	*kǖddeči ben, kǖdmekči ben, kǖdeček ben	*kǖddeči sen, kǖdmekči sen, kǖdeček sen	*kǖddeči, kǖdmekči, kǖdeček	*kǖddeči biz, kǖdmekči biz, kǖdeček biz	*kǖddeči siz, kǖdmekči siz, kǖdeček siz	*kǖddeči, kǖdmekči, kǖdeček
		predictive	*kǖdgey ben	*kǖdgey sen	*kǖdgey	*kǖdgey biz	*kǖdgey siz	*kǖdgey
		necessitive	*kǖdsüküm	*kǖdsüküŋ	*kǖdsük	*kǖdsükümüz	*kǖdsüküŋüz	*kǖdsük
conditional			*kǖdsem, kǖdser ben	*kǖdseŋ, kǖdser sen	*kǖdse, kǖdser	*kǖdsek, kǖdsemiz, kǖdser biz	*kǖdseŋiz, kǖdser siz	*kǖdseler, kǖdser
optative			*kǖdgey ben	*kǖdgey sen	*kǖdgey	*kǖdgey biz	*kǖdgey siz	*kǖdgey
progressive			*kǖdmekde ben	*kǖdmekde sen	*kǖdmekde	*kǖdmekde biz	*kǖdmekde siz	*kǖdmekde
necessitative			*kǖdmelig ben	*kǖdmelig sen	*kǖdmelig	*kǖdmelig biz	*kǖdmelig siz	*kǖdmelig
imperative			*kǖdeyin	*kǖd, kǖdgil	*kǖdzün	*kǖdelim	*kǖdüŋ	*kǖdzün

Negative

infinitive			*kǖdmemek
participle	present		*kǖdmegen, kǖdmegme, kǖdmez
	past		*kǖdmedük, kǖdmemiš
	future		*kǖdmeči, kǖdmesik, kǖdmeyeček
verbal noun			*kǖdmeme, kǖdmeg, kǖdmegü
way of doing			*kǖdmeyüš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*kǖdmez ben	*kǖdmez sen	*kǖdmez	*kǖdmez biz	*kǖdmez siz	*kǖdmez
	past	simple	*kǖdmedüm	*kǖdmedüŋ	*kǖdmedi	*kǖdmedük, kǖdmedümüz	*kǖdmedüŋüz	*kǖdmedi
	past	inferential	*kǖdmemiš ben	*kǖdmemiš sen	*kǖdmemiš	*kǖdmemiš biz	*kǖdmemiš siz	*kǖdmemiš
	future	simple	*kǖdmeči ben, kǖdmeyeček ben	*kǖdmeči sen, kǖdmeyeček sen	*kǖdmeči, kǖdmeyeček	*kǖdmeči biz, kǖdmeyeček biz	*kǖdmeči siz, kǖdmeyeček siz	*kǖdmeči, kǖdmeyeček
		predictive	*kǖdmegey ben	*kǖdmegey sen	*kǖdmegey	*kǖdmegey biz	*kǖdmegey siz	*kǖdmegey
		necessitive	*kǖdmesüküm	*kǖdmesüküŋ	*kǖdmesük	*kǖdmesükümüz	*kǖdmesüküŋüz	*kǖdmesük
conditional			*kǖdmesem, kǖdmeser ben	*kǖdmeseŋ, kǖdmeser sen	*kǖdmese, kǖdmeser	*kǖdmesek, kǖdmesemiz, kǖdmeser biz	*kǖdmeseŋiz, kǖdmeser siz	*kǖdmeseler, kǖdmeser
optative			*kǖdmegey ben	*kǖdmegey sen	*kǖdmegey	*kǖdmegey biz	*kǖdmegey siz	*kǖdmegey
progressive			*kǖdmemekde ben	*kǖdmemekde sen	*kǖdmemekde	*kǖdmemekde biz	*kǖdmemekde siz	*kǖdmemekde
necessitative			*kǖdmemelig ben	*kǖdmemelig sen	*kǖdmemelig	*kǖdmemelig biz	*kǖdmemelig siz	*kǖdmemelig
imperative			*kǖdmeyeyin	*kǖdme, kǖdmegil	*kǖdmezün	*kǖdmeyelim	*kǖdmeyiŋ	*kǖdmezün

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: кӗт (kĕt, “to wait; to graze”)
Common Turkic:

Oghuz: كوُذْماكْ (kǖδmēk, “to wait; to graze”)
- Old Anatolian Turkish: كويمك (küymek, “to wait”), كوتمك (kütmek, “to graze”)
  - Azerbaijani: güdmək (“to graze”)
  - Ottoman Turkish: كويمك (küymek, “to wait”), كوتمك (kütmek, “to graze”)
    - Gagauz: gütmek (“to graze”)
    - Turkish: gütmek (“to graze”), güymek (“to wait”) (dial.)
- Uyghur-Oghuz:
  - Salar: güygüsi (“to wait”), gütgüsi (“to graze”)
- East Oghuz:
  - ⇒? Turkmen: göze güýdüşmek
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: كوُتُّرْماكْ (kǖttürmēk, “to make graze”)
  - Uyghur: [script needed] (kütmek)
  - Uzbek: kutmoq
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: көтөү (kötöw)
  - Tatar: көтергә (kötergä), көйергә (köyergä)
- West Kipchak:
  - Karachay-Balkar: кютерге (küterge)
  - Karaim: кӱт (küt-), кӱтӱ (kütü-)
- South Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: kütüw, küyüw
  - Kazakh: күту (kütu)
- East Kipchak:
  - Southern Altai: кӱдер (küder), кӱйер (küyer)
  - Kyrgyz: күйүү (küyüü), күтүү (kütüü)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic:
  - Old Uyghur: kwyt- (küt-), kwyd- (küd-)
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: күүт
  - Yakut: күүт (küüt)
- South Siberian:
  - Yeniseian Turkic:
    - ⇒ Khakas: кӱзедерге (küzederge)

References

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, pages 187, 441
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kü:d-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 701
Tekin, Talât (1995) “kǖ-”, in Türk Dillerinde Birincil Uzun Ünlüler [Primary Long Vowels in Turkic Languages] (Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları Dizisi; 13)‎^[1], Ankara: T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı, →ISBN, page 185
Sevortjan, E. V. (1980) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Nauka, page 107
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 312
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*gǖd-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “gütmek”, in Nişanyan Sözlük