Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xapati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Onomatopoeic. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʰap-, but it is nowadays reconstructed as *keh₂p- and would therefore be a separate onomatopoeia.

Morphologically, could be an intensive form of Proto-Slavic *xopiti (“to grab”) (with enlonged grade) + *-jeti.

Verb

*xāpàti impf (perfective *xapnǫti)^[1]^[2]

to seize, to snatch, to snap (in West, East Slavic; Slovene)
to bite (in South Slavic)
Synonym: *gryzati

Inflection

Conjugation of *xapati, *xapa, *xapľetь (impf., -a/j-, s-aorist, accent paradigm b)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*xapanьje	*xapati	*xapatъ	*xapalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*xapanъ	*xapľemъ
Active	*xapavъ	*xapľę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*xapaxъ	*xapa	*xapa	*xapľǫ	*xapľeši	*xapľetь
Dual	*xapaxově	*xapasta	*xapaste	*xapľevě	*xapľeta	*xapľete
Plural	*xapaxomъ	*xapaste	*xapašę	*xapľemъ	*xapľete	*xapľǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*xapaaxъ	*xapaaše	*xapaaše	—	*xapľi	*xapľi
Dual	*xapaaxově	*xapaašeta	*xapaašete	*xapľivě	*xapľita	—
Plural	*xapaaxomъ	*xapaašete	*xapaaxǫ	*xapľimъ	*xapľite	—

Conjugation of *xapati, *xapa, *xapajetь (impf., -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm b)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*xapanьje	*xapati	*xapatъ	*xapalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*xapanъ	*xapajemъ
Active	*xapavъ	*xapaję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*xapaxъ	*xapa	*xapa	*xapajǫ	*xapaješi	*xapajetь
Dual	*xapaxově	*xapasta	*xapaste	*xapajevě	*xapajeta	*xapajete
Plural	*xapaxomъ	*xapaste	*xapašę	*xapajemъ	*xapajete	*xapajǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*xapaaxъ	*xapaaše	*xapaaše	—	*xapaji	*xapaji
Dual	*xapaaxově	*xapaašeta	*xapaašete	*xapajivě	*xapajita	—
Plural	*xapaaxomъ	*xapaašete	*xapaaxǫ	*xapajimъ	*xapajite	—

Derived terms

*jьzxapati
*zaxapati
*naxapati
*oxapati
*otъxapati
*perxapati
*poxapati
*xapъka (“bite”) (in South Slavic)
*xapъkъ (“gainful, lucrative”)

Related terms

*xopiti (“to grasp”)
*čapati (“to peck, to strike off”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: хапати (xapati, “to seize, to bite, to sting, to trample”) (11th century; accent paradigm b)
  - Belarusian: хапа́ць (xapácʹ, “to grab”)
  - Russian: ха́пать (xápatʹ, “to seize, to grab”)
  - Ukrainian: хапа́ти (xapáty, “to seize, to steal, to grab”)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: хапати (xapati, “to bite”), хапьѭще (xapĭjǫšte, “(while) biting”, nom. masc. pl. pres. act. part.)
- Bulgarian: ха́пя (hápja, “to bite”)
- Macedonian: апе (ape, “to bite”)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: апати (“to bite, to sting”) (dialectal)
  
  Latin script: apati (“to bite, to sting”) (dialectal)
- Slovene: hȃpati (“to snap, (reflexive) to seize”) (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Czech: chápat (“to grasp, to understand, to seize”)
- Polish: chapać (“to seize”)
  - → Yiddish: כאַפּן (khapn)
- Slovak: сháраť (“to understand”)
- Slovincian: chapac (“to seize”)
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: chapjaś

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*xāpàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 202: “v. (b) ‘seize’”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “xapati: xapjǫ xapjetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b gribe (SA 210; PR 137)”

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*xāpàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 202: “v. (b) ‘seize’”

[2] Olander, Thomas (2001) “xapati: xapjǫ xapjetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b gribe (SA 210; PR 137)”

[1]

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