Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/verťi

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative reconstructions

• *vergti (earlier, unassimilated form, as in Derksen, Chernykh, Vasmer)
• *vergťi (earlier, partly assimilated form, as in Trubachev)

Etymology

• Derksen, Snoj: From Proto-Indo-European *wergʷ- (Derksen) or *wer(H)gʷ- (Snoj). Possibly cognate (per LIV) with Proto-Germanic *werpaną (“to throw”), presummably from an earlier *werkwaną with assimilation *w-kw > *w-p.
• Vasmer (favoured by BER in regard to Bulgarian въргам (vǎrgam)): Related to Sanskrit वर्जति (várjati, “to turn”), Latin vergō (“to bow, to turn”), perhaps from a g-extension of Proto-Indo-European *wer(H)- (“to twist, to turn, to thread”) or *h₂wer- (“to inflict, to subjugate”).

False friend with Lithuanian vérgti (“to enslave”), pavìrgti (“to give up, to submit”).

Verb

*vèrťi impf (perfective *vьrgnǫti)

1. (transitive) to throw, to cast, to fling

   Synonyms: *mětati, *kydati

2. (reflexive) to leap, to jump, to propel oneself energetically

Alternative forms

• *vьrťi (by generalization of the present stem)

Conjugation

Conjugation of *verťi, *verže, *vьržetь (impf., -C-, _/ox-aorist, accent paradigm a)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*verženьje	*verťi	*verťь	*verglъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*verženъ	*vьrgomъ
Active	*vergъ	*vьrgy

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*verg(ox)ъ	*verže	*verže	*vьrgǫ	*vьržeši	*vьržetь
Dual	*verg(ox)ově	*verg(e/os)ta	*verg(e/os)te	*vьrževě	*vьržeta	*vьržete
Plural	*verg(ox)omъ	*verg(e/os)te	*vergǫ, *vergošę	*vьržemъ	*vьržete	*vьrgǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*vьržaaxъ	*vьržaaše	*vьržaaše	—	*vьrdzi	*vьrdzi
Dual	*vьržaaxově	*vьržaašeta	*vьržaašete	*vьrdzěvě	*vьrdzěta	—
Plural	*vьržaaxomъ	*vьržaašete	*vьržaaxǫ	*vьrdzěmъ	*vьrdzěte	—

Notes:
• Aorist *vergeste ⇒ *veržeste, ...

Derived terms

• From present stem *vьrgǫ:
  • *vьrgnǫti pf (inchoative)
  • *vьrgati impf (factitive)

Related terms

• *vorgъ (“gorge, gully; casting of lots”)
  • *voržiti (“to shove, to clump”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Ukrainian: вере́чи (veréčy), ве́ргти (vérhty) (formal variants of ве́рга́ти (vérháty))
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: врѣщи (vrěšti)

    Glagolitic script: ⰲⱃⱑⱎⱅⰹ (vrěšti)

  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: вр̏ћи

    Latin script: vȑći

  • Slovene: vrẹ́či (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: vrci

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “-вергнуть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1982), “вере́чи”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 1 (А – Г), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, page 355
• “vergti”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012