Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/sivъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *śī́ˀwas, continuing Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱiHwós, either from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shimmer”) or from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃y- (“to shade”). Baltic cognates include Lithuanian šývas (“light grey”), Old Prussian sijwan (“grey”).

Further akin to Old English hǣwе (“light blue, purple, grey, green”) from Proto-Germanic *hēwijaz, Avestan 𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀 (siiāuua), Sanskrit श्याव (śyāvá, “dark, dark brown”) (with e-grade stem).

Adjective

*sìvъ

1. grey
2. hoary, grey-haired, aging

Inflection

Accent paradigm a.

Indefinite declension of *sivъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*sivъ	*siva	*sivo
genitive	*siva	*sivy	*siva
dative	*sivu	*sivě	*sivu
accusative	*sivъ	*sivǫ	*sivo
instrumental	*sivomь	*sivojǫ	*sivomь
locative	*sivě	*sivě	*sivě
vocative	*sive	*sivo	*sivo
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*siva	*sivě	*sivě
genitive	*sivu	*sivu	*sivu
dative	*sivoma	*sivama	*sivoma
accusative	*siva	*sivě	*sivě
instrumental	*sivoma	*sivama	*sivoma
locative	*sivu	*sivu	*sivu
vocative	*siva	*sivě	*sivě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*sivi	*sivy	*siva
genitive	*sivъ	*sivъ	*sivъ
dative	*sivomъ	*sivamъ	*sivomъ
accusative	*sivy	*sivy	*siva
instrumental	*sivy	*sivami	*sivy
locative	*sivěxъ	*sivaxъ	*sivěxъ
vocative	*sivi	*sivy	*siva

Definite declension of *sivъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*sivъjь	*sivaja	*sivoje
genitive	*sivajego	*sivyję̇	*sivajego
dative	*sivujemu	*sivěji	*sivujemu
accusative	*sivъjь	*sivǫjǫ	*sivoje
instrumental	*sivyjimь	*sivǫjǫ	*sivyjimь
locative	*sivějemь	*sivěji	*sivějemь
vocative	*sivъjь	*sivaja	*sivoje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*sivaja	*sivěji	*sivěji
genitive	*sivuju	*sivuju	*sivuju
dative	*sivyjima	*sivyjima	*sivyjima
accusative	*sivaja	*sivěji	*sivěji
instrumental	*sivyjima	*sivyjima	*sivyjima
locative	*sivuju	*sivuju	*sivuju
vocative	*sivaja	*sivěji	*sivěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*siviji	*sivyję̇	*sivaja
genitive	*sivъjixъ	*sivъjixъ	*sivъjixъ
dative	*sivyjimъ	*sivyjimъ	*sivyjimъ
accusative	*sivyję̇	*sivyję̇	*sivaja
instrumental	*sivyjimi	*sivyjimi	*sivyjimi
locative	*sivyjixъ	*sivyjixъ	*sivyjixъ
vocative	*siviji	*sivyję̇	*sivaja

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: сивъ (sivŭ)
    • Belarusian: сівы́ (sivý)
    • Russian: си́вый (sívyj)
    • Ukrainian: си́вий (sývyj)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: сивъ (sivŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⱄⰹⰲⱏ (sivŭ)

  • Bulgarian: сив (siv)
  • Macedonian: сив (siv)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: си̑в

    Latin script: sȋv

    • → Aromanian: siv
    • → Greek: σίβα (síva), σίβον (sívon)
  • Slovene: sȋv (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: sivý
    • Czech: sivý
  • Kashubian: sëwi
  • Polabian: saivĕ
  • Polish: siwy
  • Slovak: sivý
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: sywy (“grey, watery”)

See also

Colors in Proto-Slavic · *mȃsti (layout · text)

*bělъ (of animals) *bronъ	*sivъ, *śěrъ, *śědъ	*čьrnъ, *smaglъ, *smǫglъ (of animals) *vornъ, *galъ
*čьrvenъ, *ryďь, *ruměnъ	*rudъ, *granivъ; *smědъ (of animals) *gnědъ	*žьltъ (of animals) *solvъ; *polvъ
*zelenъ	*zelenъ, *grěnъ
	*polvъ	*siňь; *modrъ
*slivъ	*bagrъ

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “сивый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Skok, Petar (1973) “Proto-Slavic/sivъ”, in Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika [Etymological Dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian Language] (in Serbo-Croatian), volumes 3 (poni² – Ž), Zagreb: JAZU, page 246
• Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1982–2012), “сивий”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
• Racheva, M., Todorov, T. A., editors (2002), “сив”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 6 (пỳскам – словàр²), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 633
• Comrie, Bernard and Cordett, Creville C. The Slavonic Languages. 1993.