Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kolęda

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin kalendae (“calends (first day of month)”).

Noun

*kolęda f

1. calends (first day of a month)
2. New Year
3. carol

Declension

Declension of *kolęda (hard a-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kolęda	*kolędě	*kolędy
genitive	*kolędy	*kolędu	*kolędъ
dative	*kolędě	*kolędama	*kolędamъ
accusative	*kolędǫ	*kolędě	*kolędy
instrumental	*kolędojǫ, *kolędǫ**	*kolędama	*kolędami
locative	*kolędě	*kolędu	*kolędasъ, *kolędaxъ*
vocative	*kolędo	*kolędě	*kolędy

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

• *kolędovati

Descendants

• Church Slavonic: колꙗда (koljada) (Russian)

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: колꙗда (koljada)
    • Belarusian: каляда́ (kaljadá), plural каля́ды (kaljády)
    • Russian: коляда́ (koljadá)*, plural коля́ды (koljády)
      • ⇒ Russian: коля́дка (koljádka)*
    • Ukrainian: коляда́ (koljadá)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: колѧда (kolęda)
  • Bulgarian: Ко́леда (Kóleda), Ко́ленда (Kólenda) (dialectal), Коле́нда (Kolénda) (dialectal)
  • Macedonian: Коледе (Kolede)
  • Serbo-Croatian: kòleda, ко̀леда
  • Slovene: koléda
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: koleda
  • Kashubian: kòlãda
  • Old Polish: kolęda
    • Polish: kolęda
  • Slovak: koleda
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: kóloda

• Non-Slavic
  • → Romanian: colindă
  • → Lithuanian: Kalė̃dos

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “коляда”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1983), “*kolęda”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 10 (*klepačь – *konь), Moscow: Nauka, page 135
• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “коляда”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 415