Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kazati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Per Rix (LIV), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷōǵ-ye-, a causative form from a root *kʷeǵ-, a variant of *kʷeḱ- (“to see”). Endorsed by Chernykh and Vasmer and tentatively by Derksen. Cognate with Sanskrit काशते (kā́śate, “it seems”), Avestan 𐬁𐬐𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬝 (ākasat̰, “he noticed”), Tocharian B koṣkīye (“image”).

Verb

*kāzàti

1. to show
2. to say, to testify
3. (by extension) to punish

Inflection

Conjugation of *kazati, *kaza, *kažetь (?, -a/j-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*kazanьje	*kazati	*kazatъ	*kazalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*kazanъ	*kažemъ
Active	*kazavъ	*kažę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kazaxъ	*kaza	*kaza	*kažǫ	*kažeši	*kažetь
Dual	*kazaxově	*kazasta	*kazaste	*kaževě	*kažeta	*kažete
Plural	*kazaxomъ	*kazaste	*kazašę	*kažemъ	*kažete	*kažǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kazaaxъ	*kazaaše	*kazaaše	—	*kaži	*kaži
Dual	*kazaaxově	*kazaašeta	*kazaašete	*kaživě	*kažita	—
Plural	*kazaaxomъ	*kazaašete	*kazaaxǫ	*kažimъ	*kažite	—

Related terms

• *kaznь (“punishment”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: казати (kazati)
    • Belarusian: каза́ць (kazácʹ)
    • Russian: каза́ть (kazátʹ)
    • Carpathian Rusyn: казати (kazaty)
    • Ukrainian: каза́ти (kazáty)
  • Old Novgorodian: каꙁа́ти (kazáti)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Cyrillic: казати (kazati)

    Glagolitic: ⰽⰰⰸⰰⱅⰹ (kazati)

  • Bulgarian: ка́жа (káža)
  • Macedonian: каже (kaže)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ка́зати

    Latin script: kázati

  • Slovene: kázati, kazáti (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: kázati
    • Czech: kázat
  • Old Polish: kazać
    • Polish: kazać
    • Silesian: kŏzać
  • Slovak: kázať
  • Pomeranian:
    • Kashubian: kazac, kôzac
    • Slovincian: kazac
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: kazać
    • Lower Sorbian: kazaś

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “каза́ть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “каза́ться”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 368
• Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 383, 385
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1983), “*kazati (sę)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 9 (*jьz – *klenьje), Moscow: Nauka, page 168