Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/utro

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *auštrā́ˀ (“dawn, morning”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsér (“of the dawn or morning, matutinal; eastern”), from *h₂ews- (“dawn; east”).

Baltic cognates include Lithuanian aušrà, dial. auštrà (“dawn”), Latvian àustra, aũstra (“dawn”). Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek αὔρᾱ (aúrā, “(esp. cool) breeze, fresh air of the morning”), Latin auster (“south wind”), Proto-Germanic *austrą (“east”), Proto-Germanic *Austrǭ (“Easter, springtime; name of a goddess”) (presumably from the goddess of the dawn, lust, fertility and spring, associated with the beginning of the year).

A variant *jutro appears in West Slavic, Slovenian and Serbo-Croatian, and is also attested in Old Church Slavonic, but considered secondary; there are further Slavic lexemes that display an alternation *ju- in West and South Slavic vs. *u- in East Slavic. Variants with *(j)ustr- point to *ustr- < *usr-, the loss of -s- being either due to dissimilation or perhaps due to the law of open syllables, if the -s- was variably assigned to the end of the first syllable. According to Kortlandt, the acute on the root implies a zero-grade variant (which would have parallels in Sanskrit उस्र (usrá-, “reddish, ruddy, bright, matutinal”), उस्रा (usrā́-, “dawn, morning”)), which, however, is not attested. The intrusive -t- is regular in Proto-Slavic, compare *ostrъ, *strumy.

Noun

*ùtro n

1. morning, dawn

Inflection

Declension of *ùtro (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ùtro	*ùtrě	*ùtra
genitive	*ùtra	*ùtru	*ùtrъ
dative	*ùtru	*ùtroma	*ùtromъ
accusative	*ùtro	*ùtrě	*ùtra
instrumental	*ùtrъmь, *ùtromь*	*ùtroma	*ùtrȳ
locative	*ùtrě	*ùtru	*ùtrě̄xъ
vocative	*ùtro	*ùtrě	*ùtra

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

• *utro se
• *utrьjь
• *utrьnъ
  • *utrьnica
• *na utrьje / *nautrьje
• *neutro (“day after tomorrow”)
• *za utra / *zautra

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: утро (utro)
    • Russian: у́тро (útro)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: оутро (utro), ютро (jutro)

    Glagolitic script: ⱆⱅⱃⱁ (utro), ⱓⱅⱃⱁ (jutro)

  • Bulgarian: у́тро (útro); Bulgarian: ютру (jutru) (dialectal)
  • Macedonian: утро (utro)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ју̏тро

    Latin script: jȕtro

  • Slovene: jútro (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: jutro
    • Czech: jitro
  • Old Polish: jutro
    • Polish: jutro
    • Silesian: jutro
  • Old Slovak: jutro
    • Pannonian Rusyn: ютре (jutre), ютро (jutro)
    • Slovak: jutro (obsolete)
  • Pomeranian:
    • Kashubian: witro, jitro, jutro, witre
    • Slovincian: wjitrô
  • Polabian: jautrü
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: jutro
    • Lower Sorbian: jutšo

References

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “утро”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jutro”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 200
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1994), “*na jutrьje / *najutrьje”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 21 (*mъrskovatъjь – *nadějьnъjь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 191
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1997), “*nejutro”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 24 (*navijati (sę)/*navivati (sę) – *nerodimъ(jь)), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 135